SOCIOLOGY “THE BARE BONES” “must haves” for EVERY STUDENT!!!
CHAPTER 1 THE SOCIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW
Sociology: the social science that studies human society & social behavior How does Sociology compare/contrast with other Social Sciences? Anthropology: the comparative study of past & present cultures – leans to past/uncivilized instead of present/advanced Psychology: behavior & thinking of organisms – individual behavior over group behavior Social Psychology: study of how social environments affect individual’s behavior/personality Economics: study of how people make efforts to satisfy needs & wants – leans towards impersonal data Political Science: examination of the organization/operation of governments – Sociology leans towards effects of governments on people History: study of past events – past overall instead of past’s effects on people
The Founders of Sociology (Quick History!) Auguste Conte: founder of sociology (coined term) – applied methods of physical science towards study of social life Herbert Spencer: applied teachings of Charles Darwin towards society Social Darwinism: “survival of the fittest” amongst societies over time Karl Marx: society’s structure directly defined by the economy – bourgeoisie: capitalists – proletariat: workers eventually, workers will rise up & create classless society Emile’ Durkheim: the observation of society based purely on observable data/statistical analysis Max Weber: understand individual by putting them into the group – Verstehen: puts oneself in the shoes of another – Ideal Type: the combination of society’s ideal characteristics
CHAPTER 2 CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Culture: all the shared products of human groups Material Culture: Nonmaterial Culture: physical objects that people create & useabstract human creationsExamples: automobiles, books, buildings, clothing,beliefs, family patterns, computers & cookingideas, language, political & economic systems & rules Components of Culture technology: culture’s physical objects & rules to use symbols: represents something else language: organization of written or spoken symbols into standardized system values: shared beliefs about right/wrong, good/bad, desirable/undesirable norms: shared rules of conduct in specific situations Examining Culture culture traits: individual tool, act or belief related to particular situation/need culture complexes: cluster of interrelated traits culture patterns: combination of a number of culture complexes into interrelated whole
Cultural Universals: features common to all cultures that must be met to ensure fulfillment George Murdock (1940s): 65 cultural universals body adornment, cooking, dancing, family, feasting, forms of greeting, funeral ceremonies, gift giving, housing, language, medicine, myths/folklore, religion, sports, toolmaking EthnocentrismCultural Relativism the tendency to view one’s ownbelief that a culture should be culture & group as superiorjudged by its own standards to other different culturesrather than by those of a different cultureExamples vary: labeling another culture asexamining how another society inferior based on technologyviews its dress or diet Culture SubcultureCounterculture groups that share values, normsgroup rejecting mainstream values, & behaviors not shared by entirenorms & practices & adapting a populationnew set of beliefs ---age, gender, ethnic, religious,---cyberpunk movement, political, geographic, social-class,anarchists, organized crime occupationalfamilies, hippie movements of the 1960s
CHAPTER 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY & ADAPTATION
Robin Williams: Traditional American Values personal achievement individualism work morality & humanitarianism efficiency & practicality progress & material comfort equality & democracy freedom – nationalism & patriotism – science & rationality – racial & group superiority
Enforcement of Social Norms InternalizationSanctions how a norm becomes a part of a person’srewards or punishments personality, thus conditioning the personused to enforce conformity to conform to society’s expectationsto norms PositiveNegative action that rewards a particularpunishment or the threat of kind of behaviorpunishment to enforce conformity FormalInformal reward or punishment by aspontaneous expression of formal organization or regulatorydisapproval or disapproval by an agency, such as governmentindividual or group Source of Social ChangeExampleSocial Consequences values & beliefs technology population diffusion physical environment wars & conquests
CHAPTER 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 5 SOCIALIZING THE INDIVIDUAL
CHAPTER 6 THE ADOLESCENT IN SOCIETY
CHAPTER 7 THE ADULT IN SOCIETY
CHAPTER 8 DEVIANCE & SOCIAL CONTROL
CHAPTER 9 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
CHAPTER 10 RACIAL & ETHNIC RELATIONS
CHAPTER 11 GENDER, AGE & HEALTH
CHAPTER 12 THE FAMILY
CHAPTER 13 THE ECONOMY & POLITICS
CHAPTER 14 EDUCATION & RELIGION
CHAPTER 15 SCIENCE & THE MASS MEDIA
CHAPTER 16 POPULATION & URBANIZATION
CHAPTER 17 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
CHAPTER 18 SOCIAL CHANGE & MODERNIZATION