Review of Polymers Agenda: Entry Task Organic Molecule Review Intro to DNA

Reviewing Biomolecules - Monomers Red = amino acid Yellow= glucose Green wide = fatty acid Green narrow = glycerol Image Credit (molecules): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University Use Slides 6-8 to review the monomers and polymers in food and how each monomer is represented by a different kind of paper clip. Students can also refer to the Molecules of Food posters showing the monomers and polymers of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Materials for growth: Biosynthesis Energy: Cellular respiration Step 1: Digestion Materials for growth: Biosynthesis Food Digestion Energy: Cellular respiration Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students move their food molecules from the mouth of the cow to its digestive system as they view Slides 14-16. (See Background Information for additional details about a cow’s digestive system.)

in stomach and small intestines Digestion occurs in stomach and small intestines When food is eaten it moves to the stomach Break apart large food molecules into small molecules here in intestines Food molecules in stomach Students move their food molecules from the mouth of the cow to its digestive system as they view Slides 14-16. (See Background Information for additional details about a cow’s digestive system.) Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

Breakdown Protein Molecules (Digestion) Let’s focus on what happens to PROTEIN in food. (Put the other food molecules to the side of the poster for now.) Digest one PROTEIN polymer by breaking the protein into individual amino acids. Cut the molecule of water in half. Students break their protein molecule into amino acid monomers (Slide 17) and view an animation of the process (Slides 18-19). They should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Paper Clip Image Credit: Michigan State University Chemical change

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion? Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break their protein molecule into amino acid monomers (Slide 17) and view an animation of the process (Slides 18-19). They should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Protein polymer (+ water) Amino acid monomers Reactants Products

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion? Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break their protein molecule into amino acid monomers (Slide 17) and view an animation of the process (Slides 18-19). They should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Protein polymer (+ water) Amino acid monomers Reactants Products

Breakdown of Starch Molecules (Digestion) Digest one STARCH molecule by breaking the starch into individual glucose monomers. Cut the molecule of water in half. Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break the starch molecule into glucose monomers (Slide 20) and view an animation of the process (Slides 21-22). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion? Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break the starch molecule into glucose monomers (Slide 20) and view an animation of the process (Slides 21-22). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Starch polymer (+ water) Glucose monomers Reactants Products

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion? Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break the starch molecule into glucose monomers (Slide 20) and view an animation of the process (Slides 21-22). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Starch polymer (+ water) Glucose monomers Reactants Products 10

Breakdown of Fat Molecules (Digestion) Digest one FAT molecule by breaking the fat into individual fatty acid and glycerol monomers. Cut the molecule of water in half. Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break the fat molecule into glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 23) and view an animation of the process (Slides 24-25). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion? Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break the fat molecule into glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 23) and view an animation of the process (Slides 24-25). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Fat (+ water) Fatty acids + glycerol Reactants Products

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion? Chemical change Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students break the fat molecule into glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 23) and view an animation of the process (Slides 24-25). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Fat (+ water) Fatty acids + glycerol Reactants Products

What happens to food that animals can’t digest? Our digestive systems cannot break down some large organic molecules (such as fiber). These molecules leave our bodies as feces. Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students view Slide 26 for an animation showing that animals cannot digest some fiber molecules, and these molecules leave animal bodies as feces. Cows can digest some fiber, while people can digest none.) Slide 27 prompts students to move their undigested fiber molecules out of the cow’s body. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

Move undigested fiber molecules out of the cow as feces. Break apart large food molecules into small molecules here in intestines Use Slides 14-27 to guide students through the process of digestion. Students view Slide 26 for an animation showing that animals cannot digest some fiber molecules, and these molecules leave animal bodies as feces. Cows can digest some fiber, while people can digest none.) Slide 27 prompts students to move their undigested fiber molecules out of the cow’s body. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

The Movement Question: Where do digested monomers go? glucose fatty acid Slides 28-30 guide students through the process of food monomers being carried by the blood to all cells in an animal’s body, including a muscle in the cow’s leg. Slide 28 prompts students to discuss where the digested monomers go from the digestive system: They are carried by the blood to every cell in the animal’s body. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University glycerol amino acid

Blood carries digested monomers to all parts of animal bodies Where are atoms moving from? Where are atoms moving to? Slides 28-30 guide students through the process of food monomers being carried by the blood to all cells in an animal’s body, including a muscle in the cow’s leg. The animation in Slide 29 shows amino acid monomers moving to one example cell—in a muscle in the cow’s leg.   Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

Small molecules move through circulatory system Small molecules move from intestines to blood, and the heart pumps blood and small molecules to all parts of the body. Slides 28-30 guide students through the process of food monomers being carried by the blood to all cells in an animal’s body, including a muscle in the cow’s leg. Slide 30 prompts students to move their monomers from the cow’s digestive system to its blood going to all parts of he cow’s body.   Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Small molecules move through circulatory system

Materials for growth: Biosynthesis Energy: Cellular respiration Step 2: Biosynthesis Materials for growth: Biosynthesis Food Digestion Energy: Cellular respiration Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Show students Slides 31-33 to introduce them to biosynthesis. Monomers move in the blood to all parts of an animal, but we’ll just focus on one place for this activity—a cow muscle. Use Slide 33 to remind students of the information they learned from beef nutritional labels. Tell students that cow muscles are primarily protein and fat. Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy). Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).

Build large molecules in muscle here Biosynthesis is the process of small organic molecules becoming large organic molecules in all body parts Build large molecules in muscle here Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Show students Slides 31-33 to introduce them to biosynthesis. Monomers move in the blood to all parts of an animal, but we’ll just focus on one place for this activity—a cow muscle. Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

What’s in cow muscles (BEEF)? PROTEIN FAT Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Use Slide 33 to remind students of the information they learned from beef nutritional labels. Tell students that cow muscles are primarily protein and fat. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip, food label): Michigan State University

Build Cow Muscles (Biosynthesis) Build PROTEIN molecules by linking 5 amino acid monomers. Chemical change Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy). Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

Build food molecules - proteins Build PROTEIN molecules by linking 5 amino acid monomers. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis? Chemical change Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy). Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Amino acid monomers Protein polymer (+ water) Reactants Products

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis? Chemical change Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy). Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Amino acid monomers Protein polymer (+ water) Reactants Products

Build Cow Muscles (Biosynthesis) Build FAT (lipids) molecules by linking 3 fatty acid monomers to 1 glycerol molecule. Chemical change Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy). Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

Build food molecules - lipids Build a FAT (lipids) molecule by linking 3 fatty acid monomers to 1 glycerol molecule. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis? Chemical change Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy). Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Fatty acids + glycerol Fat (+ water) Reactants Products

What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis? Chemical change Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy). Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds Fatty acids + glycerol Fat (+ water) Reactants Products

What’s in cow muscles (BEEF)? PROTEIN FAT Use Slides 31-39 to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle. Use Slide 33 to remind students of the information they learned from beef nutritional labels. Tell students that cow muscles are primarily protein and fat. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip, food label): Michigan State University

Build food molecules – carbs (starch) (this happens in plants) Build a STARCH molecule by linking together 6 glucose monomers. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

Build food molecules – carbs (starch) (this happens in plants) One type of carbohydrate is cellulose, also called fiber. Build a FIBER molecule by linking together 6 glucose monomers. Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

DNA is an organic molecule too…. On your whiteboard, answer the following questions: What is the purpose of DNA? Where is our DNA? If DNA is a polymer, what are its monomers? Where can we get new monomers if we want to make new DNA polymers? When would you need to make new DNA? What is the process to make new DNA? What do you think DNA looks like? We will share out.

DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid STORES GENETIC INFORMATION

DNA is arranged into polymers called chromosomes (built from nucleotide monomers) Chromosomes can get packed together to take up less space Chromosome = single molecule of DNA

DNA is arranged into polymers called chromosomes (built from nucleotide polymers) How many chromosomes (DNA polymers) do humans have? Chromosomes can get packed together to take up less space

DNA is arranged into polymers called chromosomes (built from nucleotide polymers) How many chromosomes do humans have? = 46 TOTAL chromosomes Chromosomes can get packed together to take up less space

So let’s look at REAL DNA! READ THE PROTOCOL! Your flow chart must be completed before starting the lab tomorrow. Each group member must complete their own flowchart. Tomorrow is the ONLY day to complete the lab.