EVOLUTION Part III

Oparin’s Theory Aleksandr Oparin Russian biochemist 1924 pamphlet on the Origin of Life

Scientists discovered methane in atmosphere of large planets Concluded early Earth consisted of CH 4, NH 3, H 2 gases and H 2 O vapor Lifeless matter gave rise to living organisms

Miller-Urey Experiment Stanley Miller and Harold Urey University of Chicago,1953 Devised an experiment to support Oparin’s theory

Figure 25.3b 20  m (b) Reproduction

Figure Plasma membrane DNA Cytoplasm Ancestral prokaryote Nuclear envelope Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Mitochondrion Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Photosynthetic prokaryote Mitochondrion Plastid Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote

Origin of solar system and Earth Prokaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Archaean 4 3 B i l l i o n s of y e a r s a g o Figure

Origin of solar system and Earth Prokaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Archaean 4 3 Proterozoic 2 Animals Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes 1 B i l l i o n s of y e a r s a g o Figure

Origin of solar system and Earth Prokaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Archaean 4 3 Proterozoic 2 Animals Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes Colonization of land Humans Cenozoic Meso- zoic Paleozoic 1 B i l l i o n s of y e a r s a g o Figure

Era Period 416 EOS D C 251 P Tr JC Mesozoic PN Cenozoic 0 0 Q ,000 1,100 Total extinction rate (families per million years): Number of families: Paleozoic 145 Figure 25.15

Mass extinctions CoolerWarmer Relative extinction rate of marine animal genera 11 22 33 22 1 Relative temperature Figure 25.17

Close North American relative, the tarweed Carlquistia muirii KAUAI 5.1 million years OAHU 3.7 million years 1.3 million years MOLOKAI LANAI MAUI HAWAII 0.4 million years N Argyroxiphium sandwicense Dubautia laxa Dubautia scabra Dubautia linearis Dubautia waialealae Figure 25.20

Figure 26.3 Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Archaea Domain: Eukarya

Figure 26.3 Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Archaea Domain: Eukarya

Figure 26.21b Sulfolobus Methanobacterium Thermophiles Halophiles Archaea

Figure 26.21a Bacteria Green nonsulfur bacteria (Mitochondrion) Spirochetes Chlamydia Cyanobacteria Green sulfur bacteria (Plastids, including chloroplasts) COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE

Figure 26.21c Eukarya Land plants Green algae Red algae Forams Dinoflagellates CiliatesDiatoms Cellular slime molds Amoebas Animals Fungi Trypanosomes Euglena Leishmania

Figure 26.15a 1 TECHNIQUE Three phylogenetic hypotheses: Species  Species  Species          

Figure 26.15b TECHNIQUE Species  Species  Species  Ancestral sequence 1234 Site C C A A A A C C T G T T T T G T 2

TECHNIQUE 1/C 3 4 RESULTS 1/C 4/C 3/A 2/T 3/A 7 events 6 events 7 events                            Figure 26.15c

Figure Most mammals Cetaceans and even-toed ungulates (a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus(c) Sus (pig) (d) Odocoileus (deer)

Figure Other even-toed ungulates Hippopotamuses † Pakicetus † Rodhocetus † Dorudon Living cetaceans Common ancestor of cetaceans Millions of years ago 70 Key PelvisTibia FemurFoot

Figure Branch point Lungfishes Amphibians Mammals Lizards and snakes Crocodiles Ostriches Hawks and other birds Feathers Amnion Digit- bearing limbs Homologous characteristic Tetrapods Amniotes Birds

Figure Ancestral mammal ANCESTRAL CYNODONT Time (millions of years ago) Monotremes (5 species) Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (5,010 species)

Figure 26.4 Order Family Panthera pardus (leopard) Genus Species Canis latrans (coyote) Taxidea taxus (American badger) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis lupus (gray wolf) Felidae Carnivora Panthera Taxidea Mustelidae Lutra Canidae Canis

Figure 26.11a TAXA Vertebral column (backbone) Four walking legs Hinged jaws Amnion Hair (a) Character table CHARACTERS Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Bass Frog Turtle Leopard

Figure 26.11b Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Bass Frog Turtle Leopard Vertebral column Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amnion Hair (b) Phylogenetic tree

Figure Mouse Human Chicken Frog Zebrafish Lancelet Drosophila Present CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Millions of years ago