Chapter 22 Notes- Human Geography of Southwest Asia Religion, Politics, & Oil

Physical Geography Modern Nations Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen Intersection of three continents Africa, Asia and Europe Location = Opportunities Trade Exchange of Culture and Religion

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula Islam- based on the teachings of Muhammad. Monotheistic Mosque- place of worship All Muslims (followers of Islam) perform the 5 pillars.

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula 5 Pillars 1. Faith (Iman or Shahadah)- no God but Allah, & Muhammad is messenger of Allah 2. Prayer (Salah)- praying 5x’s per day towards Mecca 3. Charity (Zakah)- giving money to the poor.

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula 5 Pillars cont.- 4. Fasting (Saum)- during month of Ramadan, do not eat or drink anything between sunrise & sunset. 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj)- make pilgrimage to Mecca once during life.

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula Theocratic- religious leaders control the government. many of the governments in the region are this Ayatollah- Muslim religious leader What modern nation in this region still has a theocratic government? Iran

Colonial Powers Take Control End of 1600’s, leaders of Muslim nations were weak Majority of Southwest Asia fell under British and French control Valuable for 2 reasons Suez Canal – a vital link between colonial holdings in the rest of Asia and European ports Oil was discovered there after 1932 Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Sand Era Consolidated power over large areas of Arabian Peninsula Arabian Gulf/parts of Yemen – 1920’s remain free Area became known as Saudi Arabia in 1932

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- Members set worldwide oil prices & production quotas DON’T WRITE- Members include Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

Which countries have the largest reserves of crude oil? Country Crude oil reserves (million barrels) Saudi Arabia262,697 Iraq112,500 Iran99,080 United Arab Emirates97,800 Kuwait96,500

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula Arabic Women- Most cover themselves from head to toe in a burqa (Arabic covering) Modesty & being covered is believed to be pleasing to Allah.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean 3 major religions were all started in Southwest Asia Judaism, Christianity, & Islam All 3 claim Jerusalem as a holy city.

Section 2:The Eastern Mediterranean Jews- Jerusalem is holiest city Holiest site- Western Wall (Wailing Wall) Whole area is known as the Temple Mount Temple Mount First Temple built by King Solomon then destroyed Temple rebuilt Second Temple destroyed by the Romans Only piece left standing is known as the Western Wall No Jewish temple on site since 70 A.D.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Christians cherish the land as the area where Jesus Christ was crucified & for the holy areas of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (where crucified) & Mount of the Olives.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Islam claims Jerusalem as 3 rd holiest city behind Mecca & Medina Dome of the Rock- spot where Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven AKA- Haram Ash-Sharif (Temple Mount) Next to Western Wall Site of frequent clashes between Muslims & Jews

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Ottoman Empire- Muslim based government, started in Turkey Lasted from (‘til end of WW1)

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Zionism- goal of the creation & support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine After WW1 Britain controlled Palestine

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean After WW2 world sentiment favored giving the Jews a national homeland. May 14 th, 1948 Israel was established. Immediately Attacked DON’T WRITE- Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, & Yemen attacked.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- formed to regain the land for Arabs Political & Military means used

Section 3: The Northeast The Kurds- ethnic group in Southwestern Asia Stateless nation 5,000+ were gassed to death by Saddam Hussein’s army. Saddam was executed for this

Section 3: The Northeast Mesopotamia- many civilizations were started here in the “land between the rivers” (AKA The Fertile Crescent) Sumer Babylonia Assyria Chaldea Hittites Persia

Section 3: The Northeast Two main branches of Islam Sunni Muslim- 83% of all Muslims Shi’ite Muslim

Section 3: The Northeast Taliban- fundamentalist Muslim political group in Afghanistan

1955 Afghanistan asks US for military ties, we say no Afghanistan looks to USSR, Pro-communist ideas were adopted into the gov. and a Communist Party was in place in Afghanistan

1978 pro soviet groups called the PDPA staged a coup and installed their own puppet government

New regime announces changes such as equal rights for women, land reforms and universal education.. Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups)

1979 Soviets invade

Resistance to Soviet occupation forms in Afghanistan & Pakistan called the mujahideen or “holy warriors”, US CIA begins to support these rebels with arms supplied through Pakistan

10 long wasteful years of war in Afghanistan

UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan. Soviet Union, Pakistan, and the US

various factions fight for control of the Afghan government, Many ethnic warlords and leaders battle each other Taliban group – take charge by bribing local warlords and making false promises

Taliban forces take the capital of Kabul and about 75% of the country make massive changes establish a very strict form of Islamic law

Brought major sweeping reforms, reforms against women

No television, music or movies No whistling or clapping No dancing No shorts No photography No smoking Men must have a beard and wear a head covering

Women: No jobs, must stay at home Must wear the burqa and be with a male relative outside the house No schooling/education No revealing ankles/ no white socks No treatment by male doctors No make-up or brightly colored clothes

No associating with male shopkeepers No laughing loudly No high heels No driving No riding bicycles No washing clothes next to a river unless a male relative is present Windows must be painted or covered

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