POL 454 TURKEY & LEBANON

TURKEY & LEBANON TURKEY LEBANON Terms to Know Identity Problems Institutions & Elections LEBANON Terms to Know Taif Accords Hizb’allah Justice & Development Party (AKP) Kemalism Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) consociationalism Cedar Revolution PM Recep Erdogan Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Treaty of Sevres Treaty of Lausanne (1923) March 8 Coalition National Pact (1943) March 14 Alliance

Turkey From Ottoman Turks to Treaty of Sevres (1920) to Treaty of Lausanne (1923) to Turkey today

Turkey’s Identity Problems: Europe or Mideast? Secular or Muslim? Kemalism Republicanism Secularism Nationalism Populism Revolutionism Étatism 1924 abolished the Caliphate 1925 abolished Sharia courts Latinized the alphabet Enforced Western dress Headscarf and Fez ban Muslim parties banned

Turkey’s Identity Problems Alevi Armenians Kurds Languages & Parties banned Civil war (PKK) “Kurdish Opening” Language permitted on radio and in schools http://www.never-again.com/images/misc/genocide_map.gif

Turkey’s Institutions Executive— President: elected by Leg. to 5yr terms Prime minister: Legislative— Grand National Assembly (550 members) Elections every 4 years. 10% threshold seats Justice and Development Party (AKP) elected 2002, 2007 (PM Recep Erdogan) February 7, 2008, Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities, 403-107 5 June 2008, Constitutional Court annulled it, saying it is against founding principles of the constitution. After September 2010 referendum, AKP vowed to support any student disciplined for wearing the headscarf on a university campus. Turkish Higher Educational Council announced instructors may no longer take action against students wearing the headscarf. http://middleeastprogress.org/2009/04/preliminary-results-in-turkey%E2%80%99s-municipal-and-provincial-elections/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6912221.stm

The “Deep State” Military Intervention periodically takes control in name of secular nationalist identity of the state 1960 1971 1980 1997 2008 Court upholds constitutionality of AKP Ultranationalist Network on trial for conspiring to kill and create chaos to bring military takeover. September 2010: referendum approves 26 amendments military officers more accountable to civilian courts anti-discrimination laws for women, seniors and disabled give the executive branch more power in appointing judges Constitutional Court annulled changes curbing the power of the judiciary and the army http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100680821

II. LEBANON Ottoman Provinces French Mandate 1926 constitution: All Lebanese guaranteed freedoms of speech, assembly, and association "within the limits established by law." Independent State (1943/6) http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/arabworld/ottsyr19061914text.gif http://unimaps.com/lebanon1914/mainmap.gif http://unimaps.com/syria-leb1923/mainmap.gif

Consociational Democracy Religions in Lebanon by sect (2007) 1943 National Pact: President: Maronite Prime minister: Sunni Assembly Speaker: Shi`a Unicameral Assembly of Representatives elections every 4 years seats allocated according to 1932 census (6:5 Christian) http://www.thefullwiki.org/Lebanon#cite_note-freedom-107 http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/340/342/govern.html

TAIF ACCORDS Ended Civil War Assembly divided equally between Muslims and Christians. Militias to be disbanded Syrian forces to enforce.

Cedar Revolution 2005 UN Res 1559 PM Rafiq Hariri Assassinated http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/l/lebanon/lebanon-legislative-election-2005.html UN Res 1559 PM Rafiq Hariri Assassinated March 8: “thank Syria” rallies March 14: “Syria out!” rallies April: Syria out

January 2011 March 8 coalition March 14 alliance http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/l/lebanon/lebanon-legislative-election-2009.html January 2011 March 8 coalition Members of Council of Ministers resign in protest of collaboration with the UN Tribunal for Lebanon (UN Res 1595) investigating the Hariri assassination “national unity” government collapses January 12, ousting PM Saad Hariri March 14 alliance Jan 25 protests call the resignations coup d’état If cabinet loses 1/3 members, it is dissolved President Suleiman determines which Sunni has support (Najib Mikati) http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=90911

Hizb’allah: terrorist group or political party? Party of God Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah Schools Hospitals Micro-finance “no needy in Dahiyeh” 1985 Party Manifesto for Iranian-style Islamic State Sec Gen Hassan Nasr’allah http://harpers.org/archive/2007/03/sb-augustus-no-1173896326 http://pewglobal.org/2010/12/02/muslims-around-the-world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah/