תוכנית מבוא להפרעות האכלה – דוגמאות מהשטח אבחנת בעיות הקשורות להפרעות האכלה הערכה ראשונית – רפואית – תזונתית –Feeding assessment – פסיכוסוציאלית טיפול.

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Presentation transcript:

תוכנית מבוא להפרעות האכלה – דוגמאות מהשטח אבחנת בעיות הקשורות להפרעות האכלה הערכה ראשונית – רפואית – תזונתית –Feeding assessment – פסיכוסוציאלית טיפול – רפואי – תזונתי –Feeding therapy – פסיכוסוציאלי

Scope of feeding disorders

Oral Pharyngeal Esophageal Phases of Feeding

Factors involved in feeding Oral-sensory Parent-infant Provision of adequate nutrition Cognitive Intact GI System Functional GE sphincters Gastric emptying Mastication Deglutition Laryngeal protection Esophageal motility

Defining feeding and nutritional disorders Oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal dysfunction –Cognitive, neuromotor, or energy based –Anatomic or genetic syndrome Inadequate oral intake reflected by failure to thrive or selective nutrient deficiency –Organic vs. inorganic Behavioral or sensory patterns impairing oral intake –Food selectivity or refusal –Inappropriate handling of food (e.g., rumination) –Oral Hyper- or hyposensitivity

Feeding and Nutritional Disorders: Dichotomous thinking Organic vs. Inorganic Motor vs. Sensory Feeding vs. Nutritional Organic vs. Inorganic Motor vs. Sensory Feeding vs. Nutritional

Feeding and Nutritional disorder Underlying disease Neurocognitive / Developmental Neuromotor / Anatomic Caregiver-Infant Interactions Behavioral Environmental Factors ORGANIC / PHYSIOLOGIC SOCIAL / BEHAVIORAL

Caregiver-Infant Interactions Underlying disease Neurocognitive / Developmental Neuromotor / Anatomic Behavioral Environmental Factors Feeding and Nutritional disorder

Issues regarding the definition of feeding and nutritional disorders Feeding vs. nutrition Frequency Impact of underlying disease Approach to evaluation Impact on family Treatment

Eating is one of the most basic pleasures in life

Feeding vs. Nutrition Is the goal to get adequate nutrition into GI tract and avoid medical complications or to improve feeding mechanics and behavior Advantages of oral feeding vs. other forms of enteral or parenteral nutrition –Swallowing mechanism - Use it or lose it –Most Effective way of receiving nutrition Importance of non-nutritive oral behavior and eating

Relationship between nurturing and feeding

Non-nutritive aspects of feeding and oral behavior Bonding between parents and child Pacifying effect of sucking Assimilation of external environment Oral behavior and speech development Oral interactions and intimacy Important form of social interaction

Frequency of feeding disorders and impact of underlying disease Whereas 20-25% of children without medical illnesses have a feeding / nutritional disorder (often mild), 60-85% of children with chronic medical conditions have a feeding / nutritional disorder which is usually severe

Profile of 700 children referred to a feeding disorder clinic

A majority of the 700 children had an oral feeding problem

Oral problems tend to decrease with increasing age

Children with chronic illnesses have multiple feeding disturbances

Treatment in a multidisciplinary setting

Challenges in treating feeding disorders Increasing awareness in the medical community Family awareness of the complexity of feeding disorders Stressing the need for oral skill enhancement even in the most devastated children Appropriate handling of parents Treating feeding and nutritional disorders with a multidisciplinary approach

Initial Evaluation - History Medical history –Birth history (e.g., prematurity) –Background illnesses (CF, cerebral palsy) –Medications –Past hospitalizations (was child intubated or not fed orally for a prolonged time) –Growth and Development

Initial Evaluation – History Feeding history –Parental feeding concerns –Onset of feeding problems –Developmental feeding milestones –Feeding skills –Food allergies or aversions –Food and/or texture preferences –Feeding behaviors –Feeding environment

Oral-Motor Exam Oral structure and function –Lips, teeth, tongue, palate –Oral reflexes Feeding observation –Mastication –Swallowing –Duration of meal –Preferences –Behavior –Independent feeding skills –Parent-child interaction Developmental assessment

Diagnostic testing Videotaping Videofluoroscopy Identification of neurological problems –EEG –EMG –MRI Identification of GI problems pH monitoring for GERD

Videofluoroscopy

BEHAVIORAL MOTORSENSORY

SENSORY-BASED FEEDING DISORDERS Symptoms Include –Gagging –Retching –Tactile defensiveness –Aversion to food Treatment Options –Systematic Desensitization –PEG –Sensory Stimulation Volume Temperature Taste environment

MOTOR-BASED FEEDING DISORDERS Symptoms Include: –Oral-Motor Deficits –Structural Abnormalities –Drooling –Coughing/Choking –Difficulty Chewing –Difficulty Swallowing Treatment Options: –Oral-Motor Therapy –External Support –Special bottles, nipples, cups –Positioning Techniques –Change Consistency –Patch –VFSS

BEHAVIORAL-BASED FEEDING DISORDERS Symptoms Include: –Crying, Screaming –Throwing Food –Expelling food from the mouth, spitting –Self-Induced gagging and vomiting –Food Refusal –Food Selectivity (by type of texture) Treatment Options: –Behavioral Therapy Positive reinforcement –Parent Training/ Education Videotaping Demonstration –Family Therapy

FTT הגדרה וסיבות עקומות גדילה הערכה תזונתית הטיפול התזונתי העשרות תזונתיות

גדילה לקויה בתינוקות וילדים. משקל נמוך מאחוזון 3 לפי שתי מדידות ויותר. שבירת 2 עקומות למשך חודשיים (בגילאים 0-5 ח') ולמשך 3 חודשים (מעל גיל 5 ח').

הערכה תזונתית הערכה תזונתית עקומות גדילה משקלים קודמים שינויי משקל שבירת עקומות יחס משקל לגובה

הערכת צריכה הזנה מינקות גיל חשיפה לגלוטן ומזונות ולמוצקים הזנה כיום מספר ארוחות מרווחים בין ארוחות אופן הכנת הפורמולה

שעהמזוןכמותמקום האכילה הערות 8:00 קורנפלקס חצי כוס באוטו לא מוכן לאכול בבית 10:00 לחם גבינה עגבניה פרוסה כפית חצי גן – עם כל הילדים אוכל ברצון 14:00 סקנדישייק חצי שקית + כוס חלב שתה מול הטלויזיה אוהב לשתות 15:30 במבה 7 יחידות בחדר המשחקים פיזר את שאר השקית

הערכת צריכה סך הכל קלוריות קלוריות לק"ג חלבון (ג') גרם חלבון לק"ג נוזלים ליממה מ"ל לק"ג סידן ברזל ויטמינים

גיל בשניםכמות סידן ( מ " ג )

תכולת סידן במזונות השונים כוס חלב – 200 מ " ג כוס חלב מועשר 360 מ " ג גביע יוגורט – 195 מ " ג מעדני חלב – מ " ג פרוסת גבינה צהובה – כ מ " ג גבינה לבנה / קוטג ' 100 ג ' – 100 מ " ג גבינות מלוחות / מותכות 100 ג ' – 250 מ " ג

מטרת הטיפול התזונתי - התקדמות למשקל מטרה והשלמת חסרים תזונתיים בהתאם ליכולת הילד לקבל מזון

בחירת סוג ההעשרה יכולת קבלת המזון צורת ההזנה שיקולים כלכליים מחלות רקע

מזונות עשירים בשומן - עדיפות לשומן חד בלתי רווי כגון: אבוקדו,טחינה,אגוזים ושקדים שמן - עדיפות לקנולה או זית יתרונות – זול, זמין, 8.8 קל' למ"ל X חסרונות - לא מתאים במצבי רפלוקס, צף.

MCT שרשראות בינוניות של טריגליצרידים. נספג בצורה קלה ללא עירוב מיצלות, ליפזות ומלחי מרה. מתאים במצבי תת ספיגה של שומן, הפרעות דרכי מרה וכמקור אנרגיה זמין בדיאטה קטוגנית 8.7 קל' למ"ל

פחמימות פוליקוז / קלורין שרשראות בנוניות של גלוקוז ממקור תירס מספק 3.8 קל ' לגרם. יתרונות : ניתן להוסיפו למגוון מזונות ומשקאות ללא שינוי טעמם. חסרונות : בכמות גדולה גורם לשלשול אוסמוטי

אבקות חלבון ממקור קזאין או אלבומין ביצה 4 קל' לגרם חלבון

פורמולות מאוזנות מוכנות 100 קלוריות 3 גרם חלבון מעל גיל שנה

שומנים ופחמימות מסמיכים : קורנפלור, "מסמיך כל" אבקות להכנת שייק מאוזן

Impact on family

הערכה פסיכוסוציאלית קשר אכילה דינמקה ותפקוד של המשפחה תמיכה מבחוץ התפתחות הילד תפיסת הילד מצב כלכלי הערכה פסיכוסוציאלית