THE NATION AT WAR America: Past and Present Chapter 24

A New World Power F American foreign policy aggressive, nationalistic since late 19th century F Colonialism draws U.S. into international affairs

"I Took the Canal Zone" F Colombian senate refuses to allow U.S. to build Panama Canal F Roosevelt abetted revolution to separate Panama from Colombia F Independent Panama permits construction F Panama Canal opened

The Panama Canal Zone

The Roosevelt Corollary F U.S. treats Latin America as a protectorate F “Roosevelt Corollary”--U.S. will ensure stability of Latin American finance F Roosevelt Corollary spurs intervention in – Dominican Republic – Panama – Cuba

Ventures in the Far East F TR mediates the Ruso-Japanese War F Diplomatic agreements with Japan – Korea under Japanese influence – Japan to respect U.S. control of Philippines F Japanese resentment builds over Open Door policy in China

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy F Taft substitutes economic force for military F American bankers replaced Europeans in Caribbean F Taft's support for U.S. economic influence in Manchuria alienates China, Japan, Russia

Foreign Policy Under Wilson F Wilson inexperienced in diplomacy F Tries to base foreign policy on moral force

Conducting Moral Diplomacy F Wilson negotiated “cooling-off” treaties to try and settle disputes without war F Resorts to military force in Latin America –intervened there more than Roosevelt or Taft

Troubles Across the Border F Huerta leads coup in Mexico F Wilson denies Huerta recognition – Revolutionary regimes must reflect “a just government based upon law” F Wilson blocks arms shipments to Mexico F U.S. seizes Vera Cruz F U.S. Army pursues “Pancho” Villa across U.S., Mexican border

Activities of the United States in the Caribbean,

Toward War F War in Europe – Central Powers headed by Germany – Allied Powers headed by England, France F Wilson sympathizes with England, seeks U.S. neutrality

The Neutrality Policy F Progressives see war as wasteful, irrational F Suspicion that business seeks war for profit F Immigrants prefer U.S. neutrality F A long tradition of U.S. neutrality F Americans see little national stake in war

Freedom of the Seas F England blockades Germany F U.S. ships to Germany seized F Wilson accepts English promise of reimbursement at war’s end

The U-Boat Threat F German submarines violate international law by shooting without warning F August, Lusitania sunk by U-Boat F April, Wilson issues ultimatum: call off attacks on cargo and passenger ships or U.S.-German relations will be severed F Germany pledges to honor U.S. neutrality

"He Kept Us Out of War" F Wilson campaigns on record of neutrality F Republican Charles Evans Hughes campaigns on tougher line against Germany F Wilson wins close election – wins large labor, progressive vote – wins majority of women’s vote

The Final Months of Peace F Germany lifts restrictions on U- Boats F Wilson’s response – orders U.S. merchant vessels armed – orders U.S. Navy to fire on German U- Boats F April 2, War declared on Germany

Over There F U.S. allies in danger of losing war –Germans sink 881,000 tons of Allied shipping during April, 1917 –mutinies in French army –British drive in Flanders Stalled –Bolsheviks sign separate peace with Germany; German troops to West –Italian army routed F Allies braced for spring, 1918 offensive

U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign,

Mobilization F No U.S. contingency plans for war F 200,000 troops at war’s beginning F Draft conscripts 2.8 million by war’s end

European Alliances and Battlefronts,

War in the Trenches F Teaming of U.S., English navies halves Allied losses to submarines F June U.S. troops arrive in France F Spring, U.S. forces help halt final German offensive – battle of Chateau Thierry – battle of Belleau Wood F September--Germans out of St. Mihiel

The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918

Over Here F Victory on front depends on mobilization at home F Wilson consolidates federal authority to organize war production and distribution F Wilson begins campaign for American emotions

The Conquest of Convictions F Wilson uses popular anti-German rage to pass the Sedition Act – criticism of the war was penalized – dissenters imprisoned F Summer, anticommunism prompts deployment of U.S. troops to Russia F “Red Scare” results in domestic suppression of “radicals”

A Bureaucratic War F Wartime agencies supervise production, distribution to maximize war effort F Government seizes some businesses to keep them running F Cooperation between government and business the norm F Business profits from wartime industry

Labor in the War F Union membership swells F Labor shortage prompts – wage increase – entry of Mexican-Americans, women, African- Americans to war-related industrial work force

African American Migration Northward,

Labor in the War (2) F 200,000 blacks serve in France – 42,000 combat troops F Great Migration to northern factories – blacks must adjust industrial work pace – encounter Northern racism F Race riots in urban North F Wartime experience prompts new surge of black resistance

The Treaty of Versailles F Common concern about Bolshevik revolution F Wilson’s Fourteen points call for non- punitive settlement F England and France balk at Fourteen Points –want Germany disarmed and crippled –want Germany’s colonies –skeptical of principle of self-determination

A Peace at Paris F Wilson fails to deflect Allied punishment of Germany in treaty F Treaty creates Wilson’s League of Nations – Article X of League charter requires members to protect each others’ territorial integrity F League's jurisdiction excludes member nations’ domestic affairs

Europe after The Treaty Versailles, 1919

Rejection in the Senate F Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge leads opposition to Treaty, League F October, stroke disables Wilson F November--Treaty fails in Senate F January, final defeat of Treaty F July, U.S. peace declared by joint Congressional resolution

Rejection in the Senate (2) F Wilson hopes reelection will provide mandate for League of Nations F Landslide for Republican Warren Harding F Defeat of League of Nations brings defeat of Progressive spirit

Postwar Disillusionment F To the next generation the war seemed futile, wasteful F The progressive spirit survived but without enthusiasm or broad based support F Americans welcomed Harding’s return to “normalcy”