FINGERPRINT By: Velarde, Peter D.

Fingerprinting Is a method of identification of an individual through the use of the impression made by the ridge formation found in the terminal part of the fingers.

According to study, fingerprint will start to develop during 3rd or 4th month of fetal life of a person and continue to exist until one will decomposition due to death. Fingerprinting as a means of personal identification is a positive science.

Automated Identification System (AFIS) Is a computer based identification system that stored collected fingerprints from convicts or those fingerprints collected from individuals when one applies for a police clearance. It will not only store record cards in computer memory, but it will also match latent fingerprints from crime scene to its data bank.

THE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF FINGERPRINTS

1. Prevent impersonation (changing personal data) 2. Speedily identify a wrongdoer (falsification, forgery) 3. Serve to give evidence (identification of criminal) 4. Help to identify victims of disasters, calamities, floods etc.. 5. Identify bodies whose cadavers are beyond recognition. 6. Aid the judiciary in penal treatment (fingerprinting prisoners 7. Prevent criminal substitution of the newly born.

HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS The earliest use of fingerprints can be traced in ancient China hundreds of years ago during the T’ang Dynasty. It was a common practice for the Chinese to use inked fingerprints on official documents and business transaction.

NEHEMIAH GREW - a British doctor, a fellow of the Royal Society and of the College of Physician, gave the lecture to the European countries of the knowledge of fingerprints.

An Italian physician and a plant morphologist at the University of Bologna, conducted a research study similar to Grew. In 1686, he published his anatomical treatise “De Extemo Tactos Organo”. He delves further beneath the surface of the fingerprints and introduced the ridges, spirals, and loops in fingerprints. MARCELLO MALPHIGI

Prof. JOHANNES EVANGELIST PURKINJE (1823) A Czechoslovakian physiologist published his thesis “A commentary on a Physiological Examination of the Organs of the Vision and the Cutaneous System” He describes fingerprints ridge formation into nine different types.

1. Transverse Curve 2.Central Longitudinal Stria 3. Oblique Stripe 4. Oblique Loop 5. Almont Whorl 6. Spiral Whorl 7. Ellipse 8. Circle 9. Double Whorl

William James Herschel (1858) He required all pensioners in Junipoor, India who were illiterate to use their fingerprints as a form of signature so that they can get what is due for them.

Dr. Henry Faulds (1880) He concluded that fingerprint patterns are unchangeable and that superficial injury of the finger did not alter them, they returned to their former design as the injury healed.

Francis Galton (1892) He devised his own system of fingerprint classification, which he called “Icnofalagometrio” A policeman in Argentina named Juan Vucetich was the first person to put Galton’s system of classification into practice.

Edward Richard Henry (1897) Adopted his own version of fingerprint different from the others. 1901, he was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Police at New Scotland Yard and begun to introduce his fingerprint system of identification into that institution. The first British court conviction through the used of fingerprints was obtained in 1902 when Harry Jackson was convicted of the crime of burglary.

----The Henry System of Classification is being widely used by police forces and prison authorities throughout the world to date.

Other Significant Dates and Events William Herschel started to experiment the science of fingerprint in India England legislated the Habitual Criminal Act which provides longer sentences for hardened criminals with previous convictions Henry Faulds becomes first person to publicly suggest fingerprints as a method of criminal identification Alphonse Bertillion, in Paris, introduced the anthropometric system of measurements

1892- The first murder case solved thru the used of fingerprint in Argentina by the efforts exerted by Juan Vucetich. The murder case was committed against the two children by their illegitimate mother, Francisca Rojas on June 19, Britain adopts an identification system which is a combination on anthropometry by Bertillion and fingerprints The reliability of fingerprint was tested when Adolf Beck was jailed for several years after he was falsely identified by witness as the perpetrator of the crime, but later, fingerprint have shown he was the wrong man The National Bureau of Criminal Investigation, based in Chicago, Illinois, was established. It is considered the depot of all criminal records which has been classified and filed using anthropological Measurement.

1898- The Canadian police services adopted criminal identification using a system introduced by Bertillion The Belper Committee in England was established to look into “the working of the method of Identification of Criminals by Measurement and Fingerprints” Edward Henry was appointed as head of Scotland Yard’s new Fingerprint Branch on July The first conviction in the U.K. of an individual was made as a result of fingerprints found at the scene of the crime in June 1902.

1902- Fingerprinting as a means of identification had been vindicated in the English courts The New York City Civil Service Commission started using fingerprints to prevent impersonations during examinations Henry Faulds sided with Stratton Brothers when the duo was charged with murder of Thomas and Farrow. The Brothers were convicted and hanged through the use of fingerprint as evidence.

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