History of the Modern World War and Revolution 1917 Mrs. McArthur Walsingham Academy Room 111

Color Transparency 159: The Mule Track by Paul Nash English painter, Paul Nash (1889-1946) was a soldier who became an official war artist during WWI. He was sent to the Western Front where he witnessed and then painted the devastation of modern warfare. Note signs of artillery shells, poison gas, and the destructive power of modern weapons. See the soldiers trying to control the terrified mules as the mule track descends closer to the explosions. In his battle landscapes, Nash always portrayed the effects of war. He was influenced by cubism before the war. After the war his works show the influence of surrealism. Nash wrote the following concerning his work as an official artist for the War Propaganda Bureau: I am no longer an artist. I am a messenger who will bring back word from the men who are fighting to those who want the war to go on forever. Feeble, inarticulate will be my message, but it will have a bitter truth and may burn their lousy souls. What does this statement say about how he felt about his work, his superiors and the war? 7 of 8

Major Battle Sites: WWI Regions Alsace Lorraine Palestine Western Front Battles Tannenberg (1914) First and Second Battles of the Somme (1914, 1916) First and Second Battles of the Marne (1914, 1916) Verdun (1916) Gallipoli (1915) Caporetto (1917) Jutland (1916) Cities Paris, London, Sarajevo, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg (Petrograd), Brest-Litovsk

Section 3: Winning the War, pp. 829-833 Waging Total War Nations restructured their economies to feed their war efforts. All citizens—women included—had roles to play in the war-driven economy. The average citizen was also made a target when navies began forming blockades to stop not only military supplies, but food and ships carrying civilians. Color Transparency 156: Louis Raemaeker’s To the End Morale Collapses With mounting death tolls and massive food shortages in most of Europe and Russia, troops began to desert their posts. In Russia, a revolution erupted that would bring V.I. Lenin to power. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is the tone of the song?” (optimistic, excited, eager) “What do you think was the purpose of this song?” (to motivate troops) “Do you think the song fulfills that purpose?” (Answers will vary.) When showing Color Transparency 156, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on how propaganda art was used in World War I. When showing Color Transparency 160, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion about Wilson’s terms for resolving the conflict. Note Taking Transparency 124 1 of 8

Section 3: Winning the War Witness History Audio: An American War Song: Over There The United States Declares War When Germany announced they would resume unrestricted submarine warfare and the German foreign minister was discovered soliciting Mexico’s help against the United States, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. Note Taking Transparency 160: The Fourteen Points Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is the tone of the song?” (optimistic, excited, eager) “What do you think was the purpose of this song?” (to motivate troops) “Do you think the song fulfills that purpose?” (Answers will vary.) When showing Color Transparency 156, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on how propaganda art was used in World War I. When showing Color Transparency 160, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion about Wilson’s terms for resolving the conflict. Victory at Last When fresh troops arrived in Europe by the thousands, the weary German forces were no match. Austria-Hungary were also unraveling and its subject nations seized the moment to revolt. Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Section Quiz 2 of 8

Color Transparency 156: Louis Raemaeker’s To the End Louis Raemaekers (1869-1956) was a vehement anti-German political cartoonist during WWI. Dutch, he was skeptical when he first heard reports of German atrocities in Belgium. He slipped across the border where he saw them firsthand and responded by drawing cartoons. What is meant by the sentence, “Yes, to my End.” While the Kaiser is at the center of the cartoon, he clearly is not in charge but rather is being dragged along by “War” and “Hunger.” Do you consider this anti-German propaganda? Explain. 4 of 8

Note Taking Transparency 124 5 of 8

Color Transparency 160: The Fourteen Points Addresses Three Causes of War: International anarchy. Solution: a machinery of Peace Keeping left to League of Nations Secret Diplomacy: Solution: Open Covenants, opening arrived at. Called today “transparency.” Suppressed Nationalism: self-determination of peoples. (Only Germany, Hapsburg, and Ottoman Empires would loose lands) When were these points announced (Jan. 1918) Russian situation fluid. Russia still in war but great confusion. Wilson was very heavily invested in the idea of a democratic Russia – on of middle class, intellectuals, professors, etc. Removing forces from Russia meant getting German troops out Italy Gets Sud-Tyrol which was about 80% German and was later Italianized. So Italy’s biggest claims were not really about ethnicity. 6 of 8

Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)

Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)

Section 5: Revolution and Civil War in Russia, pp. 829-833 Witness History Audio: Voices From the Front Witness History Audio: V.I. Lenin The March Revolution Ends Tsarism The deaths and civilian poverty due to World War I led to the collapse of the Russian monarchy. In its place ruled Duma politicians. However, radical socialists led by V.I. Lenin soon took center stage. Lenin and the Bolsheviks Lenin spread Marxist ideas among factory workers. He supported the implementation of socialism through a revolution of workers. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does the writer of the letter feel about the war?” (He does not believe in it.) “How have conditions at home affected his opinion?” (His family’s imminent starvation makes him want to help them instead of fighting.) When showing Color Transparency 161, point out the borders of the Russian Empire before WWI and 1921. Then point out the line of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Ask, “How did Russia’s territory change from 1914-1921?” (Russia lost control of the Baltic States, Finland, and Poland.) Point out that Russia did not lose as much territory as it would have if the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had stood. As students to consider how Russians may have felt about losing so much territory. Note Taking Transparency 173 Witness History Video: The Fall of the Tsar 1 of 7

Section 5: Revolution and Civil War in Russia The November Revolution Brings The Bolsheviks to Power Lenin promised “Peace, Land, and Bread” to the weary and starving Russian people, while the provisional government continued with the war effort. In November 1917, factory workers and sailors overthrew the government, and Lenin’s Bolsheviks took control. Russia Plunges into Civil war A war between counter revolutionaries and Communists broke out and lasted three years. The Allies sent troops to support the counter revolution. The Communists took extreme measures to ensure success—forcing peasants to produce food for the army and to work in factories, executing suspects and sending others to labor camps. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does the writer of the letter feel about the war?” (He does not believe in it.) “How have conditions at home affected his opinion?” (His family’s imminent starvation makes him want to help them instead of fighting.) When showing Color Transparency 161, point out the borders of the Russian Empire before WWI and 1921. Then point out the line of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Ask, “How did Russia’s territory change from 1914-1921?” (Russia lost control of the Baltic States, Finland, and Poland.) Point out that Russia did not lose as much territory as it would have if the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had stood. As students to consider how Russians may have felt about losing so much territory. Color Transparency 161: Russia Before and After the Revolution of 1914 and 1921 2 of 7

Summary: Russian Revolution and Civil War March, 1917 – Abdication of tsar; Provisional Government formed Nov., 1917 – Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd, arrest Provisional Government Dec., 1917 – Lenin creates new secret police force, the CHEKA, to suppress counter-revolutionary activities (Red Terror) March, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed; Russia withdraws from war. 1918-21 – Vicious civil war pits Bolsheviks (“Reds”) against opponents “(Whites”) 1919 – Lenin creates Communist International, hoping to spread world revolution 1921 – Bolsheviks win civil war; country in desperate economic straits (NEP)

Note Taking Transparency 173 4 of 7

Color Transparency 161: Russia Before and After the Revolution 1914 and 1921 5 of 7

Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)

Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)

Assignment 1 Read text, pp. 829-831 identifying 6 bold-blue words and answering 1 Checkpoint and 2 captions’ questions. Read Sourcebook Notes, slides 26-42. Check your knowledge

Assignment 2 Read text, pp. 831-833 identifying 3 new terms and answering 3 checkpoint questions. Check your knowledge Note: Chapter 26 Test: Mon. 2/11

Assignment 3 Read text, pp. 839-842, defining proletariat and answering 3 Checkpoint questions. Answer 2 questions, pp. 840, 841 captions. Note: Chapter 26 Test: Mon. 2/11

Assignment 4 Read text, pp. 834-838, identifying 5 new terms and answering 4 Checkpoint questions. Infographic, pp. 835. Answer questions. Map Skills Activity, pp. 837 Political Cartoon, pp 838 Review PP Notes, esp. study aides and check your knowledge

Remembrance Open-Book Test Assignment 5 Remembrance Open-Book Test (Short essay format) SCA Opportunities: Merry Christmas, (continuation) Wednesday, Jan. 30 3-4:30 (approx.) Lecture on World War I Wednesday, February 6 from 3-4:30.

Do you agree? Comment in the light of the events discussed. Revolutions are not made by revolutionaries. They simply pick up the pieces. Revolutions are made by those in power.