Personality A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

Personality and the Four Perspectives Personality refers to your characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Personality refers to your characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Theories of Personality you Must Know: Theories of Personality you Must Know: 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Trait 3. Humanistic 4. Social Cognitive

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Personality motivated by unconscious motives and early childhood/sexual experiences Personality motivated by unconscious motives and early childhood/sexual experiences Stages of Psycho- Sexual Development Stages of Psycho- Sexual Development Defense mechanisms Defense mechanisms Sigmund Freud What’s on a guy’s mind

Freud's Early Exploration into the Unconscious Used hypnosis and free association (relax and say it all) to delve into unconscious. Used hypnosis and free association (relax and say it all) to delve into unconscious. Mapped out the “mental dominoes” of the patients past in a process he called psychoanalysis. Mapped out the “mental dominoes” of the patients past in a process he called psychoanalysis.

Our Personality Conscious- things we are aware of. Conscious- things we are aware of. Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.

Freud's Personality Structure Ego Ego Superego Superego Id Id

Id Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. Works on the Pleasure Principle Works on the Pleasure Principle Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification. Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification.

Ego Develops after the Id Develops after the Id Works on the Reality Principle Works on the Reality Principle Negotiates between the Id and the environment. Negotiates between the Id and the environment. In our conscious and unconscious minds. In our conscious and unconscious minds. It is what everyone sees as our personality. It is what everyone sees as our personality. If you want to be with someone. Your id says just take them, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out and just mac it hard.

Superego Develops last at about the age of 5 Develops last at about the age of 5 It is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) It is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) The Ego often mediates between the superego and id. The Ego often mediates between the superego and id.

Your Personality Arises From Conflict Between Pleasure Seeking Impulses (Id) and Internalized Social Restraints (Superego) Against Them

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development Freud believed that your personality developed in your childhood. Freud believed that your personality developed in your childhood. Mostly from unresolved problems in the early childhood. Mostly from unresolved problems in the early childhood. Believed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages. Believed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages. The id focuses it’s libido (sexual energy) on a different erogenous zone. The id focuses it’s libido (sexual energy) on a different erogenous zone.

Fixation A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage. A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage. Where conflicts were unresolved. Where conflicts were unresolved. Orally fixated people may need to chain smoke or chew gum. Or denying the dependence by acting tough or being very sarcastic. Anally fixated people can either be anal expulsive or anal retentive.

Oral Stage 0-18 months 0-18 months Pleasure center is on the mouth. Pleasure center is on the mouth. Sucking, biting and chewing. Sucking, biting and chewing. Oral fixations Oral fixations

Anal Stage months months Pleasure focuses on bladder and bowel control. Pleasure focuses on bladder and bowel control. Controlling ones life and independence. Controlling ones life and independence. Anal retentive/anal expulsive Anal retentive/anal expulsive

Phallic Stage 3-6 years 3-6 years Pleasure zone is the genitals. Pleasure zone is the genitals. Coping with incestuous feelings. Coping with incestuous feelings. Oedipus and Electra complexes (Little Hans) Oedipus and Electra complexes (Little Hans) Penis envy & castration anxiety Penis envy & castration anxiety

Latency Stage 6- puberty 6- puberty Dormant sexual feeling. Dormant sexual feeling. Cooties stage. Cooties stage. Energy put into forming social relationships Energy put into forming social relationships

Genital Stage Puberty to death. Puberty to death. Maturation of sexual interests. Maturation of sexual interests.

Defense Mechanisms The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. Never aware they are occurring. Never aware they are occurring. Ten major types. Ten major types.

Scenario Quarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club. Drew Brandon Jasmine

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 1. Repression: banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Ex: When asked about Jasmine, Brandon might say “Who? I can’t remember dating a Jasmine.”

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 2. Regression: when an individual retreats to an earlier more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. Ex: Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal for comfort.

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 3. Reaction Formation: when the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People will express opposite of their anxiety arousing feelings (cooties) Ex: Brandon claims that he hates Jasmine.

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 4. Projection: when people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Ex: Brandon insists that Jasmine really still cares for him and probably wants to get back together.

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 5.Rationalization: offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. Ex: “I‘ll find a better girlfriend! Jasmine wasn’t all that anyways!”

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 6. Displacement: shifting one’s sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening object or person…redirect anger at “safer outlet.” Ex: Brandon takes out his anger by throwing a little freshman in a trash can.

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 7. Sublimation: when people rechannel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. Ex: Brandon learns to play guitar and starts going to the gym.

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 8. Intellectualization: separating oneself from the emotional impact of a situation by focusing on the problem in systematic factual way or in the abstract. Ex: Brandon decides to do his junior research paper on failed teenage romances.

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 9. Denial: when person denies threatening behavior or events are taking place. Ex: Brandon hangs around Jasmine’s locker trying to talk to her and plans non-existent dates with Jasmine.

Examples of Defense Mechanisms 10. Undoing: idea that if you have unacceptable impulses/behavior you can undo or make it up by doing something. Ex: Brandon tries to fix everything by standing outside of Jasmine’s window playing love songs, Say Anything style.

Methods for Tapping Into the Unconscious 1. Hypnosis: Freud “discovered” the unconscious when hypnotizing his patients. Under hypnosis patients would talk freely about the onset of their symptoms and their lives which allowed Freud access to “unconscious conflicts.” Freud eventually turned away from hypnosis since not all patients reacted to it.

Methods for Tapping Into the Unconscious 2. Dreams: considered the “royal road to the unconscious.” Manifest content (dream sequence) was a censored expression of the dreamer’s unconscious wishes called latent content which can be analyzed by psychoanalysts.

Methods for Tapping into The Unconscious 3. Free Association: technique in which patients relax and say whatever comes to their mind without censoring themselves no matter how trivial or embarrassing the flow of thoughts is.

Methods for Tapping into The Unconscious To Freud nothing you did or said was ever accidental; Everything offered insights into the unconscious. 4. Freudian Slips: slips of the tongue or actions which may illustrate unconscious motives/feelings.

Psychoanalytic Personality Tests: Assessing the Unconscious Projective Tests: test which presents ambiguous (unclear) stimuli which is designed to get at one’s inner/unconscious dynamics when you interpret it. Projective Tests: test which presents ambiguous (unclear) stimuli which is designed to get at one’s inner/unconscious dynamics when you interpret it.

Types of Projective Tests Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): test where people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): test where people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Types of Projective Tests Rorschach Inkblot Test: most widely used projective test, looks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of blots. Rorschach Inkblot Test: most widely used projective test, looks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of blots.

Transference Patient shifts feelings that come up in therapy onto the therapists Patient shifts feelings that come up in therapy onto the therapists –I.e. if you unconsciously have sexual feelings towards your mother, you may transfer them onto your therapist

Neo-Freudians Psychologists that took some premises from Freud and built upon them. Psychologists that took some premises from Freud and built upon them. Alfred Adler Karen Horney Carl Jung

Alfred Adler Childhood is important to personality. Childhood is important to personality. But focus should be on social factors- not sexual ones. But focus should be on social factors- not sexual ones. Our behavior is driven by our efforts to conquer inferiority and feel superior. Our behavior is driven by our efforts to conquer inferiority and feel superior. Inferiority Complex Inferiority Complex

Karen Horney Childhood anxiety is caused by a dependent child’s feelings of helplessness. Childhood anxiety is caused by a dependent child’s feelings of helplessness. This triggers our desire for love and security. This triggers our desire for love and security. Fought against Freud’s “penis envy” concept. Fought against Freud’s “penis envy” concept.

Carl Jung Less emphasis on social factors. Less emphasis on social factors. Focused on the unconscious. Focused on the unconscious. We all have a collective unconscious: a shared/inherited well of memory traces from our species history. We all have a collective unconscious: a shared/inherited well of memory traces from our species history.

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis?