Today’s Warm Up  Turn in your homework.  Grab a textbook then answer the following question in your notes. Be ready to discuss:  Think about the differences between yourself and your parents/guardians in terms of rights and equality. Are minors equal to adults? What rights do young people want that adults have?

RECONSTRUCTION TODAY’S LEQ: HOW DID RECONSTRUCTION CHANGE THE U.S.? Rebuilding the Nation…

Magnet Strategy: The War Ends  Complete a magnet strategy for the subsection, “Total War Forces the South to Surrender” on pages  Step 1: Write down 5 key words or phrases from the text.  Step 2: Trade with your shoulder partner and write a summary using the key words and phrases he/she selected.  Be ready to share!

Problems the Nation Faced after the Civil War  The Civil War ended in 1865 with the Union (North) winning.  After the Civil War, the North and the South had to be rejoined.  The South was devastated and had to be rebuilt.  2/3 of the South’s shipping industry was destroyed  9,000 miles of railroad tracks were destroyed  Southern farms were destroyed and/or the property value greatly decreased.

What is Reconstruction?  Reconstruction was the controversial plan to rebuild the nation after the devastation of the Civil War.

Impact on Freed Slaves  13 th Amendment - passed in 1865; abolished slavery  4 million African Americans were freed from slavery after the Civil War  Reconstruction offered a huge opportunity to provide freedom and equality to African Americans

Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction  10% Plan  10% of white men to swear allegiance to the Union, and accept emancipation of slaves  Former confederates could run local governments  Lincoln is assassinated; VP, Andrew Johnson, takes over task of rebuilding the nation

Presidential Reconstruction  The first plan for rebuilding the nation was known as Presidential Reconstruction  President Johnson was a democrat from the South  Formerly condemned slavery but had no concern for former slaves  Radical Republicans disagreed with Johnson’s plan  Think: How might President Johnson’s personal experience have impacted his ideas for Reconstruction? (Video Clip)

Presidential Reconstruction  Lenient, rapid, and involved little change  Granted amnesty to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath  Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands  Ratified 13 th amendment: abolished slavery  Cancelled war debt

Problems with the Plans of Lincoln & Johnson  Freedmen had no role in either plan & no guarantee of rights!

Brainstorm…  In your notes, list five things ex- slaves probably wanted to do with their freedom. Be ready to share!

What ex-slaves wanted with their freedom…  To travel freely  Right to own land / economic independence  Find and reunite with relatives  Right to an education  Equality; freedom from prejudice Add these to your notes if they weren’t on your list.

Southern Hardships  Freed Slaves (Freedmen)  New life in poor economic area  Homeless  Hungry  Unemployed

Southern Hardships  Plantation Owners  Loss of slave labor  Land was often seized by the government

Southern Hardships  Poor White Southerners  Competing against freedmen for jobs  Many migrated to Mississippi and Texas for jobs

Plantation Life Changes  Freedman now have choice – to stay or to leave  Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for labor

Freedmen’s Bureau  Developed to help former slaves  Provided food, schools, legal help, etc.  Unpopular with many white southerners  Vetoed by Johnson

Text Rendering Activity  Step 1: Using the text rendering process, compare the goals of the Freedmen’s Bureau to the goals of President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation.  Step 2: Think, Pair, Share  How did President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation hinder the Freedmen’s Bureau?

Step 1  Independently, identify 1 sentence, 1 phrase, and 1 word you feel is particularly significant for each document.

Step 2  Divide your poster paper into 3 sections and label them accordingly:  Freedmen’s Bureau  President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation  Comparison  Compare the sentences, phrases, and words you picked for each document. In 1 or 2 sentences, summarize the goal of each document.  In the comparison section, answer the following question: How did President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation hinder the Freedmen’s Bureau?

Resistance to Reconstruction Southern states legislatures found ways to resist Reconstruction Passed Black Codes- laws intended to restrict the freedom & opportunities of African Americans.

Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes: The Black Codes Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area. 1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro. 2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area. 3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government. 4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law. 5) Negroes may not serve on juries. 6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law. 7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person. 8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer. 9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer. 10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers. Black Code Sample

Resistance to Reconstruction Fifteenth Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote; Southern states resisted with: Poll Taxes Literacy Tests Grandfather Clause protected poor white Southerners Activity: 1965 Alabama Literacy Test

Resistance to Reconstruction  Fourteenth Amendment made former slaves citizens; made Black Codes illegal  South resisted by implementing Jim Crow Laws – “separate but equal”

A Northern Journalist's Perspective  “The whites seem wholly unable to comprehend that freedom for the negro means the same thing as freedom for them. They readily enough admit that the Government has made them free, but appear to believe that they still have the right to exercise over him the same old control.” -Sidney Andrews, Atlantic Monthly, 1866

Further Resistance in the Form of Terror Groups  White Brotherhood  Knights of the White Camelia  Ku Klux Klan  Swore that they were “opposed to negro equality, both socially and politically.”  Terrorized blacks & white Republicans  Tactics including burning black schools, attacking Freedmen’s Bureau officials, and even murder. Video Clip

Homework: Take Fives OR Magnets  You have a choice. You may complete a Take Five Summaries OR Magnet Strategies (w/paragraph summary) on the two readings provided:  “Black Codes”  “The Klu Klux Klan” Dragons aren’t real. Do your homework… One summary for each…