The Duel for North America

New France u Edict of Nantes in ended religious wars in France. u French found New France - Quebec in 1608.

Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain u The “Father of New France”

French influence in the New World u French traders and explorers made pacts with the Huron Indians of the lower Great Lakes.

French Canada

u The Iroquois, enemies of the Huron, became enemies of the French.

u French fur traders, the Coureurs de Bois and Voyageurs, lived among and intermarried with the Native Americans.

u Jesuit missionaries sought, often forcibly, to convert the Indians to Catholicism.

French Voyageur

Robert de la Salle u French explorer de la Salle canoed down the Mississippi searching for the mouth of the river. u He failed to find the opening through the delta and was killed in Texas in 1687.

French Expansion u Louis XIV orders the establishment of the colony of Louisiana and settlements in the interior. u Detroit founded on Lake Huron by Antoine Cadillac

The First World Wars u The War of the League of Augsburg (King William’s War) u The War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War)

Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War u England gains Acadia, renamed Nova Scotia, New Foundland and Hudson’s Bay u Period of “Salutary Neglect” begins in America

War of Jenkin's Ear u war fought between Spain and England over trade rights.

War of the Austrian Succession. u (King George’s War) u Spain and France fight England

Oglethorpe’s raid on St. Augustine fails.

Lancaster Treaty. u Treaty signed with Indians in Pennsylvania

u New England troops capture Fort Louisbourg on the St. Lawrence River

1748 u Ohio Company of Virginia founded. u Land sought in the Ohio Valley.

Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle u ends the War of the Austrian Succession. u Ft. Louisbourg returned to France - New England is outraged.

1753 u Susquehanna Company founded. u George Washington’s first mission to the Ohio Valley.

u Americans continue settling in disputed Ohio territory. u French answer by building a string of forts.

1754 u Virginians sent to build fort at site of modern Pittsburgh (chosen by young surveyor George Washington).

u The site is the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny that form the Ohio River.

u This is seen as an act of war by France, who already had its own fort there -- Ft. Duquesne. u Virginia militia under Washington open fire on French troops -- starting the French and Indian War.

The French and Indian War ( ) The French and Indian War ( ) u Washington is defeated in his first battle - July 4, 1754 at Fort Necessity.

Fort Necessity Today

u Colonists meet at Albany Congress to arrange a common defense -- Ben Franklin publishes cartoon “Join, or Die.”

u Only seven out of thirteen colonies sent delegates to the conference.

Join or Die

u The initial purpose was to keep the Iroquois on the side of the British. u Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union” is agreed to by the delegates but rejected by the colonial legislatures and the English Parliament.

Braddock Blunders u General Braddock’s “redcoats” and colonial “buckskins” are routed again at Fort Dusquesne. u Braddock is mortally wounded. u British force 4,000 French Acadians to move to Louisiana.

British Redcoats

1756 u French capture Fort Oswego u Earl of Loudoun assumes command of British Colonial forces

u British forces fail in attempts to invade Canada. u Indian raids into colonies and military defeats followed until 1757.

French Regulars

1757 u William Pitt becomes British Prime Minister - reorganizes the army.

u French take Fort William Henry. u British capture Forts Louisbourg, Frontenac and Dusquesne

u Iroquois agree to aid British forces.

The Battle of Quebec

u British take Quebec in General Wolfe dies in the battle on the Plains of Abraham. u French General Montcalm is also killed.

The Death of General Wolfe

u Montreal falls in u Paris Peace Treaty (1763) gives all French territory east of the Mississippi to England - - Spain takes Louisiana, England gets Florida.

Friction between England and the Colonies u American colonists felt they had defeated the French and Indians and looked down on English regular army.

Western Expansion u Americans wanted to settle new lands acquired in the war. u Settlers begin pouring into western New York and Pennsylvania and along the upper Ohio river.

Watersheds and the Importance of the Ohio River.

Pontiac’s War u Indians, led by Ottawa chief Pontiac, resisted white settlements and attacked British forts.

Proclamation Line of 1763 u British refused to allow settlement across the Appalachians - by the Proclamation of 1763.

u British Parliament wanted the settlers to help pay for the cost of the war. u Americans meeting and fighting together in the war realized their similarities.