1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers 6. The IUPAC System.

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Presentation transcript:

1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers 6. The IUPAC System

 115.(a)List two characteristics of a homologous series.  (1)   115.(a)one general formula/same general formula; differ by CH2; similar chemical properties; gradual change in physical properties;1  Award [1] for any two of the above characteristics.   State two characteristics of a homologous series.  68.(a)same general formula; successive members differ by CH2, Do not allow elements or just “they”. similar chemical properties; Allow same/constant gradual change in physical properties; ◦ Do not allow change periodically.  same functional group;2 ◦ Award [1] each for any two.

A functional group is an atom or combination of atoms which gives an organic molecule its distinctive and characteristic chemistry. The term “functional group” is linked to the concept of a homologous series. A homologous series is a group of molecules with the same general formula and the same functional group. They have similar physical and chemical properties (albeit with trends e.g. increasing boiling point with increasing carbon chain length).

Functional groups have: 1. The same functional group 2. The same general formula, but successive members differ by –CH 2 3. The same chemical properties 4. Their physical properties change gradually

Homologous series Prefix or SuffixExamplesFunctional Groups Alcohols-ol Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH R –OH Aldehydes-al Ethanal CH 3 CHO Carboxylic Acid -anoic acidEthanoic acid CH 3 COOH

A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms that confers a particular chemical property on a molecule, e.g the -OH group in ethanol Each one of the following homologous series/class has a characteristic functional group. 1.Alkane 2.Alkene 3.Alkyne 4.Alcohol 5.Aldehyde 6.Ketone 7.Carboxylic acid 8.Halogenoalkane 9.Amine 10.Amide 11.Ester 12.Ether 13.Nitrile 14.Arenes

Aldehyde functional group; carboxyl is the functional group

Functional Group: hydroxylaldehydecarbonyl

Please identify the functional group and write down the name of the corresponding homologous series

Again!!! Please identify the functional group and write down the name of the corresponding homologous series

1. Must memorize prefixes (up to 6 for IB) 2. To name, look at the formula for the hydrocarbon 3. Determine if it is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne 4. Use the prefix for the number of carbons 5. Add ending (ane, ene, yne) Prefix# of carbon atoms Meth-1 Eth-2 Prop-3 But-4 Pent-5 Hex-6 Hept-7 Oct-8 Non-9 Dec-10

One Carbon

Two Carbons

Three Carbons

Four Carbons

Five Carbons

Six Carbons

Three Carbons

Two Carbons

Six Carbons

Four Carbons

Five Carbons

One Carbon