Guided Notes for Forces Within Earth Section 19.1

1) Earthquakes are natural vibrations of the ground caused by movement along gigantic fractures in the Earth’s crust.

2) Most earthquakes occur when rocks fracture deep within Earth’s crust. Fractures form when stress exceeds the strength of the rocks involved.

3 Kinds of Stress That Act on Rocks Compression: stress that decreases the volume of a material  pushing together Tension: stress that pulls a material apart Shear: stress that causes a material to twist

4) The deformation of materials in response to stress is called strain.

5) Elastic strain causes a material to bend and stretch, and can be demonstrated by applying tension to a rubber band. Elastic strain is proportional to stress, and thus, if the stress is reduced to zero, the strain disappears.

6) When stress exceeds a certain value, a material undergoes ductile deformation. This type of strain produces permanent deformation, which means that the material is deformed even if the stress is reduced to zero.

7) Most rocks are brittle under the relatively low temperatures that exist in the crust, but become ductile at the higher temperatures at greater depths.

8) Rocks that make up Earth’s crust fail when stress is applied too quickly, or when stress is too great.

9) Define Fault and Fault Plane Fault: the fracture or system of fractures that occur as a result of stress and along which movement occurs Fault Plane: the surface along which movement takes place

The 3 Types of Faults Reverse Faults Form because of horizontal compression Result in a horizontal shortening of the crust

The 3 Types of Faults Normal Faults Caused by tension Movement is both vertical and horizontal

The 3 Types of Faults Strike-Slip Faults Caused by horizontal shear Movement is horizontal

11) Most earthquakes are caused by movements along faults 11) Most earthquakes are caused by movements along faults. Irregular surfaces in rocks can snag and lock. As stress continues to build in these rocks, they reach their elastic limit, break, and produce an earthquake.

12) The vibrations of the ground during an earthquake are called seismic waves. Every earthquake generates 3 types of seismic waves.

3 Types of Seismic Waves Primary Waves These waves squeeze and pull rocks in the same direction that the wave travels.

3 Types of Seismic Waves Secondary Waves Can cause rocks to move at right angles to the direction of travel of the wave

3 Types of Seismic Waves Surface Waves Cause rocks to move both up-and-down and side-to-side as the wave passes through

Define Focus and Epicenter Focus: the point within the earth’s crust where an earthquake originates Epicenter: the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus