Welcome to 8th grade Social Studies Mr. Crossman

The Five Social Studies

Def. The study of past events History Def. The study of past events Ex: World War II Ex: Ex: Democracy in Greece 2. Geography Def. The study of the earth Ex: Formation of Climates (Biomes) Ex: Ex: Deserts

Def. The study of human interaction 3. Sociology Def. The study of human interaction Ex: Foreign Relations Ex: Ex: Teacher to Student 4. Economics Def. Knowledge about the exchange of goods Ex: Trading System Ex: Ex: Valuable goods/services

Def. Knowledge of how human order themselves 5. Political Science Def. Knowledge of how human order themselves Ex: Dictatorship Ex: Ex: Representative Government

Examining Sources Why is it important to examine sources? Fact, Reasoned Judgments, Opinions

Examining Sources Fact – statements that can be proven (proof) Clues - Observations, written records, fossils, etc. Reasoned Judgment – based on fact but has not been proven Clues - Probably, reasonably, possibly, perhaps, etc. Opinion – statement of personal preference Clues - Think, feel, etc.

Distance between years: How to calculate centuries: Timelines There is no year 0 ! Uniform way of measuring the past to the right of year 1 Before Christ = B.C. Before Common Era = B.C.E. to the left of year 1 A.D. = Anno Domini C.E. = Common Era 400 300 200 100 1 100 200 300 400 B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. Distance between years: Same side of year 1  Subtract the # of years ex: 400 B.C.E. to 150 B.C.E. 400 – 150 = 250 years Opposite side of year 1  Add the # of years ex: 100B.C.E. to 200 C.E. 100 + 200 = 300 years How to calculate centuries: Find the number of hundred and add 1 (don’t forget your labels) Ex: 356 C.E. = 3 + 1 = 4th Century C.E. 1423 B.C.E. = 14 + 1 = 15th Century B.C.E. 92 C.E. = 0 + 1 = 1st Century C.E.

Chapter 2 Introduction: #1 Australopithecus afarensis Time period Description (height, places lived, physical traits) 1 key vocab. term 2 capabilities of your hominid #2 Homo habilis #3 Homo erectus #4 Homo sapiens neanderthalensis #5 Homo sapiens sapiens

Chapter 2 Introduction: #1 Australopithecus afarensis Bipedal – walked on 2 legs #2 Homo habilis Simple tools – Bone/Stone #3 Homo erectus Used Fire #4 Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Community – cared for each other and buried the dead #5 Homo sapiens sapiens Artwork/Culture

Paleolithic Age Means: Old Stone Age Strongest tools: Stone Pre-history – The time before writing About 2 million B.C.E. to 8000 B.C.E. Early Hominids and Humans

Neolithic Age Means: New Stone Age Strongest tools: Stone During Pre-history About 8000 B.C.E. to 3000 B.C.E. Agriculture – farming and domestication of animals People began to settle in one place

Stable Lifestyle Permanent Dwellings Avoid hunting dangers Discovery and spread of seeds = growing plants Permanent Dwellings Stable life allowed permanent homes Houses had rooms for specific purposes

Communities Grow Roles in Community Villages of up to 200 people Population growth Safety in numbers Roles in Community Job specialization – individuals work in one area Workers are more skilled Develops better: pottery, clothing, homes, jewelry, etc.

Trade Increases Civilizations Begin Desire for a better quality of life Humans seek resources from elsewhere Ideas and knowledge spread Civilizations Begin Humans Build First Cities