Kathy Sheriff, RN, BSNApplications of Therapeutic Services

 Framework and Support  Protection  Blood Cell Production or Hematopoiesis  Mineral (Calcium and Phosphorus)and Growth Factor Storage  Movement  *Sound Transduction  Triglyceride Storage  *Detoxification

CHARACTERISTICS  Hyaline—frosted glass  Elastic—stretchy  Fibrocartilage—highly compressible, strong EXAMPLES  Ends of bones, ribs— sternum, nose, and larynx  Ear and epiglottis  Knee and vertebrae

 Long axis  Skull  Vertebral Column (7,12,5)  Rib cage (12-7/3/2)  Three main functions:  Protection  Support  Carrying body parts  Upper and lower limbs  Girdles  Two functions:  Locomotion  Interact with the environment

 Classified as organs because contain different tissues  Bone markings—look at bones closely, bumps, holes, and ridges  Two types: Projections and Depressions or Cavities

bone-markings-flash-cards/ crest (ex iliac crest) (projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment) narrow ridge or bone; usually prominent

trochanter (the only examples are on the femur) (projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment) very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

epicondyle (ex medial epicondyle of the femur) (projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment) raised area on or above a condyle

foramen (ex infraorbital foramen) (depressions and opening s for passage of blood vessels and nerves) round or oval opening through a bone

sinus (ex sinus in the frontal portion of skull) bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

 Shaft--Diaphysis  Bone ends—Epiphyses  Epiphyseal Line  Membrane—Endosteum and Periosteum  Red and Yellow Marrow Page 119

 Skeleton begins as cartilage  Ossification  Childhood and adolescence  Early adulthood thru middle age  After age 35  Anterior pituitary and growth hormone  Dwarfism  Giantism  Acromegaly

 Osteoblasts  Osteoclasts  Continuous cycle  Regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium- regulating hormones, sex hormones— estrogen and adrogen, vitamin D  20% replaced annually

 Ball and Socket –shoulder and hip  Saddle—thumb  Hinge—knee, elbow, knuckle  Pivot—atlas and axis  Gliding—ankle, vertebrae  Ellipsoid—wrist

Vitamin D-calcium absorption  Deficiency=  Rickets  Osteomalacia Vitamin C-collagen formation (foundation of connective tissue) Deficiency=Scurvy

 Hematoma Formation  Soft Callus Formation  Hard Callus Formation