The atom It is the smallest part of matter that can take part in chemical reactions without being changed

The atomic structure The nucleus The electrons

The nucleus contains two types of particles which are: Protons Neutrons

How can we differentiate between atoms? Helium Lithium

The atomic number:- “ Is the number of protons inside the nucleus or the number of electrons rotates around the nucleus in the normal state of the atom” The mass number:- “ Is the number of protons and the number of neutrons inside the nucleus” ‘The atomic number= 3 ‘The mass number= 7

Na Sodium atom The mass number The atomic number So The number of protons in the sodium atom = The number of electrons in the sodium atom = The number of neutrons in the sodium atom = 11 12

Does the relation between living organisms takes place exactly like between non living substances? Mother I love my cat so much Does the cats marry like us?

What will happen if two families ( Egyptian and suddenness ) lived beside each others? They will react together This reaction may lead to a change in the structure of the two families Explain

Is it possible that the man and the wife of each family get divorced? Is it possible that the man of the Egyptian family marry the woman of the suddenness family and the vice versa? What is the type of change happened in this case?

It is a change in the state, shape and color of the substances without changing in its electronic structure. Ex. Water into Ice Water into vapour

Is a change in the structure and the properties of the substances through a chemical reactions Ex. Iron into iron sulphide Hydrogen into water

Is a process in which bonds in reactants are broken and new bonds in products are formed + ABCDCBAD + The reactants The products

Chemical equation Is a set of symbols and chemical formulas that express the reactants, the products and the reaction conditions if they exist. 2Mg 2MgO heat + O2O2

Practice on the balance of chemical equations NO NO 2 + O2O2 + CuONO 2 O2O2 heat Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + heat

Types of chemical reactions Direct combination reactions Decomposition reactions Simple sub. reactions Double sub. reactions Do all the chemical reactions occur by the same method?

Direct combination reactions A type of reaction in which two substances react together forming a new compound A A B B + + AB

Types of direct Combination reactions Element combines with element Element combines with compound Compound combines with compound ABCD + + ABCD A BC + + ABC A B + + AB

Element combines with element What is the difference between basic oxide and acidic oxide? G.R white powder is formed when magnesium strip is burned in the air? heat Acidic oxide 2- C CO 2 + O2O2 White powder Basic oxide 1- 2Mg 2MgO heat + O2O2

Element combines with compound 2NO 2NO 2 + O2O2 Brown fumes G.R. Brown fumes are formed when nitric oxide gas is exposed to atmospheric air? Think

Compound combines with compound NH 3 NH 4 Cl + HClWhite fumes G.R. White fumes are formed when ammonia gas is exposed to hydrogen chloride gas? Think

Evaluation 2- 2NO …… + O2O2 1- 2Mg 2MgO …… + ….. 4- NH 3 ……. + HCl 3- C CO 2 + O2O2 …… Complete

Decomposition reactions A type of reaction in which a substance decomposes into its elements or simpler substances by the effect of heat or electricity A A B B + + AB heat electricity

Types of direct Decomposition reactions Thermal decomposition reactions The electrolysis reactions A A B B + + AB heat A A B B + + AB electricity

Thermal decomposition reactions A type of reaction in which a substance decomposes into its elements or simpler substances by the effect of heat only A A B B + + AB heat

Examples of the Thermal decomposition reactions 3- CuCO 3 CuO + CO 2 heat 2- CuSO 4 CuO + SO 3 heat CuO4NO 2 O2O2 heat 2Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + heat 6- 2NaNO 3 +O2O2 1- heat 2HgO 2Hg O2O2 + heat 2- Cu(OH) 2 CuO + H2OH2O

The electrolysis reactions Is a reaction in which the solution or the melt of the substance decomposes into its elements or simpler substances by electricity. A A B B + + AB electricity

The electrolyte Is the substance which ionized in water into + and - ions The voltammeter Is the apparatus in which the electrolysis takes place.

Hoffman voltammeter Is the apparatus which used in the electrolysis of acidified water. 2H 2 O 2H 2 O2O2 + electricity Dil H 2 SO 4

Uses 0f electrolysis Getting elements from their compounds Aluminum industry electroplating 1 2 3

Simple substitution reactions Is a reaction in which a metallic element substitutes another metallic element in on of its salt solutions AD C C + + CD A A + +

The least active The most active The chemical activity series Is the arrangement of the metallic elements in decreasing order according to their chemical activity

Types of simple Substitution reactions Metal sub. H of an acid Metal sub. Another metal AX H2 + + HX A A + + AD C C + + CD A A + +

Metal sub. H of an acid Ex. 3- Cu + H 2 SO 4 -ve 1-Mg MgSO 4 + H 2 SO 4 + H2H2 dil 2-Zn ZnSO 4 + H 2 SO 4 + H2H2 dil

Metal sub. another metal in its salt solution Ex. 1-Mg MgSO 4 + CUSO 4 + CU 2-Zn MgSO 4 + CuSO 4 + Cu 3- Cu + ZnSO 4 -ve

Double substitution reactions Is a reaction in which the ions or the radicals of two compounds exchange its others forming two new compounds AD CB + + CD AB + +

Acid + Alkali Salt + water Neutralization reaction Ex. *HCl NaCl + NaOH +H2O

Acid + Salt Ex. H 2 SO 4 Na 2 SO 4 + 2NaCl +2HCl H 2 SO 4 Na 2 SO 4 + Na 2 CO 3 +H2O+ CO 2

Salt+ Salt Salt + Salt Ex. CuSO 4 Na 2 SO 4 + Na 2 S +CuS NaCl NaNO 3 + AgNO3 +AgCl CuSO 4 Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 +BaSO 4

Choose the correct answer 1- the substance which ionized in water into + and – ions Acid Electrolyte Alkali

2- When sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution a……… ppt. is formed BlackRedWhite

3-The exothermic reaction generates heat because The heat content of the reactants greater than the products The heat content of the reactants equal that of the products The heat content of the reactants Smaller than the products

To Q 2 To Q3

To Q 1 To Q 2 To Q 3