Fossil Fuels Formation, Distribution, Extraction & Purification, Advantages & Disadvantages, Alternatives

Fossil Fuels Coal Oil (Petroleum) Natural Gas

Formation of Fossil Fuels – common conditions High Organic Production Burial of organic material Reducing conditions – little or no free oxygen Reducing conditions preserve organic matter Coal and Petroleum diverge from here

Formation of Coal Accumulation of land plant material Reducing conditions – coastal and inland swamps

Formation of Coal Organic accumulation is greater than destruction (because of reducing conditions) Organic matter builds up to form peat

Formation of Coal Peat is compressed to form lignite – brown coal Lignite is compressed and volatile compounds are lost to form bituminous coal – soft coal Bituminous coal is further compressed and heated to form anthracite – hard coal

Formation of Petroleum and Natural Gas Accumulation of organic material – typically marine mud Burial and preservation of organic material – reducing conditions Reducing conditions in deep sea or on continental shelves during times of unusual oceanic circulation

Formation of Petroleum and Natural Gas Black, organic-rich mud is buried deeper and converted to rock – shale With burial, the organic matter is heated When heat is sufficient (but not too great) – in the range of 100-300 degrees C – the organic matter is “cooked” and oil forms Process is called thermal maturation

Formation of Petroleum and Natural Gas If heat is greater than 300 degrees C, the liquid petroleum is further broken down to form natural gas If heat is too great, even the natural gas is broken down to form carbon dioxide, which has no value as a fuel

Migration and Concentration Petroleum must leave source rock Process is called migration Migration is essential because most source rocks are too fine-grained to enable easy extraction of the oil To be economically concentrated, petroleum must migrate to a reservoir rock with a trap

Examples of Petroleum Traps

Petroleum Resources Conditions for source rock are rare Conditions for maturation must be just right Migration must not let petroleum escape to surface Reservoir rock must be present Trap must exist before migration occurs

Where did the U.S. Petroleum Industry begin? In New York! First gas well – Fredonia, New York

Distribution of Petroleum Economic accumulations of petroleum only occur when all of these conditions are met These conditions and the sequence of occurrence do not occur everywhere Conditions are most likely where there are thick accumulations of sedimentary rock – in sedimentary basins

Some of the world’s most productive sedimentary basins Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Alaska – north slope, Texas – Louisiana Gulf Coast, Iraq and Iran, Mexico, Venezuela

Refining of Petroleum Heat and/or chemical treatment to produce: Gasoline Diesel Fuel Kerosene Liquified Propane (LPG) Petroleum bases for plastics

Fractional Distillation

Advantages Disadvantages Highly compact & portable Source of organic molecules & sulfur Heat-tolerant lubricant Excellent road & roof surfacing Solvents for paint NG – cooking fuel, fertilizer, detergents, & helium Very economical Replaced whale oil (saved the whales) Source of advanced technology Burning releases most CO2 Nonrenewable - 50 to 150 yr National Security - Source Countries unstable Transportation – spills & leaks Increasing Consumption vs. Decreasing Production Oil & NG are a carcinogens Contribute to smog Water Pollutant Land Degradation Sulphur & Nitrogen contributes to air pollution.

Alternatives to Fossil Fuels Transportation Electricity & Heat Electricity Biofuels Hydrogen Solar Wind Water Geothermal Hydrogen Bio-fuels Plastics Algae Corn Sugar Cane & Sugar Beets

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