AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 1 Pasture Utilization

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 2 Establishment choices Continuous Grazing Cut and Carry Rotational Grazing 3-6 months

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 3 Cut & Carry  Animals are confined in pens  Forage is cut and brought to animals  Practiced in Feedlots and Dairy Animals  Forage is usually chopped  Animals cannot choose nutritious portions  Feeding time is determined by producer

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 4 Napier grown for cut and carry in dairy farm

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 5 Forage chopped before feeding

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 6 Cut and carry feeding for dairy cows

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 7 CUT AND CARRY FEEDING FOR YOUNG CALVES

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 8 Continuous grazing  Animals are confined to one paddock  Area is fenced and a water source is supplied  Animals can select their feed especially at the beginning  Producer has less work compared to other systems

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 9 CONTINUOUS GRAZING

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 10 Rotational Grazing  Paddock is divided into 4 to 6 plots  Animals are confined within one plot and then shifted weekly to other plots  Animals return to original plot after 3 to 5 weeks depending on number of plots  Allows pasture to have a rest period

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 11 Rotational Grazing

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 12 Rotational grazing in oil palm plantation

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 13 Using electric fencing

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 14 Cut-and-carry vs grazing  Animals cannot select feed  No return of waste to pasture  Labour intensive  Animals use less energy  Animals protected from weather  Animals can select feed  Wastes returned to pasture  Low labour requirement  High energy use by animals  Animals exposed to weather

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 15 Difference in quality between grazed and cut & carry Grazed Cut & carry Protein 17.1% Protein 7.4% Napier Grass

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 16 Some experimental comparisons  Grazing Setaria splendida. Milk yield 10.2 kg/day  Cut and carry Guinea and Napier. Milk yield 8.2 kg/day Sahiwal Friesian dairy cattle (Soetrisno et al. 1984)

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 17 Wong et al  Rotational grazing. Milk yield 5.7 kg/day  Cut and carry. Milk yield 4.8 kg/day

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 18 Hutagalung & Mahyuddin 1983  Kedah-Kelantan cattle grazing Setaria. Average daily gain 159 g/day  Cut and carry. Average daily gain 12 g/day

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 19 Cut and Carry is recommended when  Animals have been recently introduced and are not adapted to the climate  Sick or young animals  Limited area for grazing  Grazing area is wet and easily damaged  During floods  Feedlot

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 20 Feedlot cattle – needs cut and carry system

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 21 Feedlot camels

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 22 Comparison between Continuous & Rotational Grazing Continuous  Lower cost for fencing and water points  Less labour  Animals can select feed, pastures unevenly used  Pastures do not have a rest period  Animals more susceptible to parasites Rotational  Higher cost for fencing and water points  More labour  Less selection of feed, pastures more uniform  Pastures have a rest period, good for legumes  Animals less susceptible to parasites

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 23 Other types of grazing  Free grazing –Animals are left on unused open lands, including road sides; low input  Tether –Animals are tethered to a tree to limit its area of grazing  Strip grazing –Animals can only graze a strip of land and they are moved daily using electric fencing; mainly dairy

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 24 Strip grazing

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 25 Tethering

AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 26