New Technology for basin wide monitoring: GLIDERS Institut für Meereskunde (University of Kiel, Germany) Pierre Testor & Uwe Send (WP5 leader) MFSTEP Partner 7 Deliverables D1-D7

Our role (WP5) : Preliminary studies for application of Gliders Operation/analysis/assessment/data dissemination WP14 (Loïc Petit de la Villeon, Ifremer) : gliders data coordinator WP15 (Nadia Pinardi, INGV) : committee, meetings, communication plan, data products, dissemination policy, end-user involvement

Webb Research Corporation (Falmouth, MA) University of Washington (Seattle, WS) Underwater Flight Control of : - buoyancy like profiling floats - ascent/descent angle & direction effect on Roll & Pitch by moving mass center position

Vertical speeds ~5 cm/s Horizontal speeds of ~20-30 cm/s Scripps SprayUniv. Washington Webb Res. Coastal Webb Res. Thermal max depth1500 m m200 m1000 m endurance~1 year ~60 days~1 year range~7000 km~6000 km~1500 km~6000 km up & down profiles ~700~600~200~600 communicationglobal Line of sight global Line of sight global navigationGPS In situ measurements, transfer of data by satellite

1000 m Typical use on a section of 300 km 8-10 km 15 days to cover the section 40 up & down profiles autonomous repetitions of the section in 6-7 months Opportunity to pilot the glider with two-ways communication system deployment and recovery via a small boat from a local support base

T° S (U,V) Webb Res. glider data Florida

O2O2 T° S Fluorescence W Optical backscatter UW glider data US Washington state

- Programmable to cover any section required - Potential to collect multidisciplinary data - Independent of operating ships - Unattended operation for extended periods - Can be serviced with small boats by local operators

- Suitable for a basin with complicated bathymetry - Scales of Mediterranean are just right for glider- operated section - Naturally provides data in real time - Can be reprogrammed remotely, to respond to events, to meet vessels or to be replaced in case of failure/sensor drift To be tested, explored and compared to other elements of an observing system

General objectives of WP5 Explore the capabilities of gliders by operating one real-time continuous glider repeat-section feeding the overall system 1/ Evaluate and choose which of the available gliders prototype should/could be used 2/ Determine the optimal application, capabilities and mission parameters in the MFSTEP application 3/ Develop a real-time data dissemination system for glider data 4/ Obtain data from the unattended glider repeat transects along one section in the Mediterranean 5/ Disseminate real-time data to the community and to the forecasting system during the TOP 6/ Analyze the data and assess the value of gliders 7/ Establish a European capability for operating gliders

A B C GLIDER : - Basin monitoring - Strait monitoring VOS XBT network local support bases A: 800 km = 40 days / 100 up&down profiles B: 200 km = 10 days / 20 up&down profiles C: 400 km = 20 days / 50 up&down profiles Methods

Months Pre - TOPTOPPost - TOP 5100 Glider choice and mission parameters 5200 Glider purchase and preparation 5300 Development of real-time data system 5410 Deployment during TOP 5500 Dissemination of real-time data 5610 Analysis of data 5620 Technical analysis of glider data 5700 Assessment of gliders in overall system Planning

- scientific objectives / observations needed - bathymetry and expected currents - capabilities and endurance of the glider - location of land base - small-ship access to part of gliders tracks for comparison measurements - speed - descent/ascent angle - max depth - sampling intensity - time spent at surface - two-way communication options - UW glider - Scripps glider - Webb Res. Powered Glider coastal/thermal powered battery, max depth : 1000 m T, S & currents TASK 5100 : Months 1- 6 study of the optimal type application capabilities / mission parameters

TASK 5200 : Months 6-18 Purchase, test, and preparation of one glider TASK 5300 : Months 6-18 Development of the real-time data dissemination system Telemetry system (2-way communication) : Orbcomm/Globalstar/Iridium Automatic routines Convert raw to physical data Checks for consistency and data quality Data path : Glider - operator - ADDC (WP14) Fall 2003 : Webb’s during testing, for learning the useage and programming etc… Winter 2003 : glider in Kiel for preparation

TASK 5410 : Months Preparation, deployment and operation during the TOP - Launching with boats from the local support base (CNR – IST) - Unattended operation - Measures of T°, S, currents TASK 5500 : Months Dissemination of real-time data - Proper functioning of the entire data stream - Towards the forecasting structure in the same way as XBTs and other data sets

TASK 5600 : Months Analysis and interpretation of the data collected 5620: technical analysis (performance, data return/quality, telemetry statistics, endurance, speed) 5610: physical analysis (new insights of upper and intermediate circulations in the Ionian basin)

Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. (1997, 1999) Circulation of Surface Waters AW ASW LSW 1987 & 1991 In 1991, strong 3 lobes anticyclonic eddy blocking input of AW in the Levantine basin AW ISW ASW AW ISW LSW ISW

- Alongslope circulation - High mesoscale activity - No mid-basin jets - Northern branch : interranual - Pelops, Iera-Petra gyres detachments : not permanent features May also affect intermediate waters

Hamad et al. (2002) Lybian Eddies formation Alongslope current instabilities

- Alongslope circulation - High mesoscale activity - No mid-basin jets - Northern branch : interranual - Pelops, Iera-Petra gyres detachments : not permanent features May also affect intermediate waters

Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. (1997, 1999) LIW/CIW Circulation of Intermediate Waters CIW LIW 1987 Lascaratos et al. (1999)

Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. (1999) LIW/CIW CIW LIW 1991 Adriatic waters Lascaratos et al. (1999)

TASK 5700 : Months Assessment of the value of gliders in the overall system Evaluation of - value and potential in an operational system - complementarity/overlap with other elements of the system Possible extensions - coastal monitoring - “virtual mooring” Critical recommendation for the potential of gliders in a future Mediterranean Observing System