Lecture 5 ASTR 111 – Section 002

Outline 1.Quiz Discussion 2.The Moon in its orbit review 3.Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets – through section 4.3 of text.

The great debate Geocentric – Earth is fixed and everything rotates around it. Heliocentric – The sun is fixed and everything rotates around it. The resolution of this question is one of the great examples of the scientific method

The great debate Geocentric – Earth is fixed and everything rotates around it. Heliocentric – The sun is fixed and everything rotates around it. The resolution of this question is one of the great examples of the scientific method

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Parallax Apparent change in an objects position due to a change in the line of sight In astronomy we use Apparent and Actual in many contexts. Parallax is one example.

Side note: What is wrong with this picture (from text)?

14 hours Side note: What is wrong with this picture (from text)?

What if the nearby object is moving too? That is, moving at a speed comparable to the speed of Earth in its orbit?

Typical observations wIQTNI

Typical observations Notice that reference point is the background stars.

Mercury in retrograde This happens three to four times per year, when the planet Mercury slows down, and appears to stop (station) and move backward (retrograde). It's an optical illusion, since there is forward movement, like speeding by a slow-moving train -- as it recedes, it appears to go backward.Mercury

Mars goes retrograde later in the week (Exact on the 15th, 3:24 am EST), but many are already sensing a cosmic winding down. Mars is in the water sign Cancer, an intiating cardinal sign, but one that takes stealthy sidesteps forward, feeling out every situation. In retrograde, Mars stews in his emotional juices, so to speak, and it may be harder to get things done. Some might experience less energy, quick tempers, irrational arguments and defensive overreacting. Mars here amplifies Cancer's protective instinct, which brings out both compassion for all of humanity, and its shadowy twin, clannish "us against them" rationales. It's a chance to integrate feeling into actions, and possibly a series of lessons in anger management.water signMars

Projection (in context of celestial sphere) Connect point on celestial sphere with a line to the center of Earth. Where line intersects Earth’s surface is where celestial point projects onto Earth’s surface. Need two points + a projection point

Understanding Retrograde Motion

U P Top View U always connects line from eye through P and beyond

If U is fixed and P rotates CCW, what does U see on the wall? 1.Beam traces a line from left to right 2.Beam does not move 3.Beam traces a line from right to left

If U is fixed and P rotates CCW, what does U see on the wall? 1.Beam traces a line from left to right 2.Beam does not move 3.Beam traces a line from right to left

U P Top View U always connects line from eye through P and beyond

U P Top View U always connects line from eye through P and beyond

Will U ever see P reverse directions with respect to the distance stars? 1.Yes 2.No

Will U ever see P reverse directions with respect to the distance stars? 1.Yes 2.No

Now move U away from center

U P Top View

If U is fixed and P rotates 90 o CCW, what does U see on the wall? 1.Beam traces a line from left to right 2.Beam does not move 3.Beam traces a line from right to left

If U is fixed and P rotates 90 o CCW, what does U see on the wall? 1.Beam traces a line from left to right 2.Beam does not move 3.Beam traces a line from right to left

U P Top View

U P

U P

If P is fixed and U rotates 90 o CCW, what does U see on the wall? 1.Beam traces a line from left to right 2.Beam does not move 3.Beam traces a line from right to left

If P is fixed and U rotates 90 o CCW, what does U see on the wall? 1.Beam traces a line from left to right 2.Beam does not move 3.Beam traces a line from right to left

U P Top View

U P

Distant “stars”

In this diagram, are the Republicans to the East or West? At points 1-8, an observer on Earth will see the planet in front of a different “star”. Label them below: 1.Rush Limbaugh During which intervals was the planet moving “to the right” and which “to the left”? When was the planet in retrograde motion?

Distant “stars”

Typical observations

4-5-6 = retrograde motion (westward against background stars) and 6-7=8-9 = protograde (direct) motion (eastward against background stars)

Occam’s Razor

Law of parsimony When all things are equal, choose the theory or model that is simpler or requires fewer assumptions

As a group, write down two theories for a given phenomena. One theory should not be parsimonious.

Copernicus devised the first comprehensive heliocentric model Copernicus’s heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory simplified the general explanation of planetary motions In a heliocentric system, the Earth is one of the planets orbiting the Sun The sidereal period of a planet, its true orbital period, is measured with respect to the stars

Copernicus devised the first comprehensive heliocentric model Some planets always observed near Sun while looking in the sky. Some planets are sometimes observed at night and sometimes opposite the Sun.

Will you ever see a full moon at noon? When will you first be able to see a full moon if you live near the equator?

Inferior planets superior planets

A planet’s synodic period is measured with respect to the Earth and the Sun (for example, from one opposition to the next)

Copernicus’ heliocentric model was not widely accepted. Why? Predictions Occam’s razor

If he had better instruments, Ptolmey would have realized that he needed to add more an more epicycles for the geocentric model to give the correct predictions.

Theme Need. More. Data. Need. “Satisfactory”. Mathematical. Theory.

If the Earth was in motion (heliocentric), parallax of nearby stars should appear to shift throughout the year

If Earth is fixed (geocentric), parallax does not change)

I measure the angular separation of two dots on the screen from the four corner chairs in this room. Describe what happens to my measurement of the angular separation. I sit in the middle of the room and measure the angular separation of two dots on the screen. Someone rotates the walls of the building by 90 degrees. What happens to my measurement of the angular separation?

Note: following diagram does not illustrate where nearby object is (which is needed to connect it with parallax). Nearby object can be your finger or some part of an instrument in the observatory.

If Earth is fixed, then parallax angle of stars does not change throughout the year 

The heliocentric model Earth rotates around Sun; stars and Sun are fixed If Earth is fixed, then parallax angle  of stars changes throughout the year 

Brache did not find a difference in the parallax angle. Did he prove the heliocentric model was incorrect?

The heliocentric model Earth rotates around Sun; stars and Sun are fixed Nearby stars are still very far away! So  barely changes as Earth orbits the Sun. 

Tycho Brahe: more data, wrong conclusion

One more problem with the geocentric model

One of Galileo’s most important discoveries with the telescope was that Venus exhibits phases like those of the Moon Galileo also noticed that the apparent size of Venus as seen through his telescope was related to the planet’s phase Venus appears small at gibbous phase and largest at crescent phase

There is a correlation between the phases of Venus and the planet’s angular distance from the Sun

Galileo’s discoveries with a telescope strongly supported a heliocentric model The invention of the telescope led Galileo to new discoveries that supported a heliocentric model These included his observations of the phases of Venus and of the motions of four moons around Jupiter