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Uniqueness of Language Origins

Uniqueness of Language “Speech is so essential to our concept of intelligence that its possession is virtually equated with being human. Animals who talk are human because what sets us apart from other animals is the gift of speech” (Liberman. Eve Spoke: Human Language and Human Evolution.) “Human language is one of the most distinctive behavioral adaptations on the planet. Languages evolved in only one species, in only one way, without precedent, except in the most general sense. And the differences between languages and all other natural modes of communicating are vast.” (Deacon. The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain.)

Uniqueness of Language HUMANS 1.Social 2.Displacement 3.Ambiguous 4.Creative 5.Complex Brain 6.Specific Physical Structure ANIMALS 1.Inborn 2.No displacement 3.Specific 4.Predictable 5.Simpler brain 6.Lacking Physical Structure

Uniqueness of Language Human language, in contrast to animal communication, reveals a specific conceptual system found only in human language: “Theory of mind, ownership, essences, mutipart tools, fatherhood, romantic love, and most moral concepts” (Pinker and Jackendoff).

What is the Origin of Language? “The world’s languages evolved spontaneously. They were not designed.” (Deacon. The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain.) “Research that will help answer the complex questions involved continues, with the focus now more on How did language evolve? than on Did language evolve?” (Kenneally 2007)

Evolution of Language Brain Size Advanced tool making Rise of aesthetics, the arts Social behavior

Creation of Language Genesis 1:1-3:24 Read the passage Analyze the conversations

Purpose of Language

Language of Relationship

Language of Rule

Linguistics

Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics

Linguistics: Study of Language Sounds /ProductionP HONETICS Sounds / PatternsP HONOLOGY WordsM ORPHOLOGY SentencesS YNTAX Meaning / WordsS EMANTICS Meaning / ContextPragmatics

Linguistics: Study of Language SocietySociolinguistics MentalPsycholinguistics BrainNeurolinguistics HistoryHistorical Linguistics ComputersComputational Linguistics EducationTESOL TranslationBible Translation

TESOL What Can I Do With a TESOL Certificate?

16 th Century English “The speeche of Englande is a base speche to other noble speeches, as Italion, Castylion and Frenche, howbeit the speche of Englande of late dayes is amended.” Andrew Boorde, The First boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. Ann Curzon and Michael Adams. How English Works: A Linguistic Introduction (499).

21 st Century English “The fact is that right now, English is the language most often associated with globalization.” “Within little more than a generation, we have moved from a situation when a world language was a theoretical possibility to one where it is an evident reality.” “As we consider the future of English as a world language, we have no historical precedent to turn to. No language has ever been spoken as widely around the world as English currently is” Curzon and Adams (499).. David Crystal, English as a Global Language, 2003 (Curzon 498. Curzon and Adams (499).

Future of English “…the number of people throughout the world speaking some variety of English as a second language is increasing. Some estimates predict that by about 2017 as many as three billion people (about forty-three percent of the estimated world population at the time) will speak English as a native language, a second language, or a foreign language.” Bruce Rowe and Diane Levine. A Concise Introduction to Linguistics. 2 nd ed (366).

English as a First/ Native Language 370 million David Graddol. The Future of English? 2000 (Curzon 501). ENL U.S.EnglandCanadaAustralia New Zealand S. Africa

English as a Second/ Official Language ESL Anguilla Antigua Aruba Belize Botswana Bermuda 370 million David Graddol. The Future of English? 2000 (Curzon 501).

English as a Foreign Language EFL ChinaRussiaGermanySwedenSpain 750 million David Graddol. The Future of English? 2000 (Curzon 501).

ESL and EFL in Europe  80-90% English useSweden, Netherlands, Denmark  60-70% English useFinland, Luxembourg, Belgium  50-60% English useAustria, Germany, Greece  30-40% English useFrance, Portugal, Italy, Spain  Study:

English in the World English United Nations OlympicsNATO Air/Sea Safety European Union Org. African Unity S.E. Asian Nations Org. African Unity

English in the World English Academic Pub. NewspapersFilmsPop MusicStored DataTourism

ESL in US 1.California (40% or 12.4 million non-native English speakers) 2.Texas (32% or 6 million non-native English speakers) 3.New York (28% or 4.9 million non-native English speakers) 4.Florida (24% or 3.4 million non-native English speakers) 5.Illinois (20% or 2.2 million non-native English speakers) The country: 19% or 52 million non-native English speakers

ESL Growth From 2000 to 2005: Native English speakers declined by.4% while non-native English speakers increased by 2% (5 million).

Non-English Languages in St. Louis County Spanish 16, % German 5, % French 4, % Chinese 4, % Russian 3, % Italian 2, % Serbo-Croatian 1, %

Non-English Languages in Florissant Spanish or Spanish Creole 665 French (incl. Patois, Cajun) 301 African languages 209

Non-English Languages in Madison County, IL Spanish 3, % German 1, % French % Italian %

Need for ESL “Those who do not speak or read English are relegated to a lower social status in the world because they do not have access to much of the information that is necessary to succeed economically in the 21 st century” “Being a native English speaker in today’s world automatically gives one many communicative privileges—and often social, economic, and educational privileges as well” Bruce Rowe and Diane Levine (367). Curzon and Adams (507).

TESOL Teaching English to Students of Other Languages “ Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL) is an independent professional organization established in The organization was created out of professional concern over the lack of a single, all-inclusive professional organization that might bring together teachers and administrators at all educational levels with an interest in teaching English to speakers of other languages (ESOL).”

TESOL LanguageCultureInstructionAssessment Professionalism TESOL

TESOL Certificate Structural/Social Linguistics Second Language Acquisition/Methods Assessment/Materials Structural and Social Linguistics Second Language Acquisition and Methods Assessment and Materials of TESOL

Uses of a TESOL certificate 1.Tutor International students at SLCC in Academic English 2.Teach Conversational English as a Church Ministry 3.Teach ESL as part of a broader cross-cultural Ministry 4.Teach ESL as a tent-making profession overseas 5.Pursue graduate-level training in TESOL

Other Opportunities for ESL College and Universities Primary and Secondary Schools Language Institutes English Camps Churches Tutoring Handbook for Christian EFL Teachers (29).

TESOL in Churches Covenant Life Church / Gaithersburg, MA Sunset Presbyterian Church / Portland, OR Westminster Chapel / Bellevue, WA Lab Week: Houston, Texas

Christian Educators TESOL “The Christian Educators in TESOL Caucus (CETC) is composed of persons who have a common interest in the teaching of English to speakers of other languages and who share a common belief in Jesus Christ.”

Additional Training Master's Degree Endorsement or Add-On Certification in ESL Common Certificates TEFL Certificate Cambridge UCLES CELTA SIT TESOL Certificate Trinity Certificate in TESOL Distance Learning Options