Biosynthesis of Macromolecules Anabolism - use energy (ATP) from catabolism - use carbon from sugars, lipids, proteins, or any other carbon source (xenobiotics) to build cellular components

Key Intermediates Located in the glycolytic pathway Ex. Glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, etc. Located in the TCA cycle Ex. Oxaloacetic acid, ketoglutaric acid

Central Metabolic pathway Catabolism and anabolism are interconnected due to amphibolic pathways

Lipid Biosynthesis Fatty acid biosynthesis- Acetyl-CoA--->fatty acid (cell structure) Poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid- Acetyl-CoA---> Poly. (storage) Phospholipid- Glycolytic intermediate---> lipid ( membrane) Sterols- eukaryotic cell membrane

Amino Acid Biosynthesis Amination – addition of an amine group (N containing) to a critical intermediate Transamination - new amino acids are made from the amine group from old amino acids

Nucleotide Biosynthesis N molecule (amino acid), five carbon sugar, phosphate combine =>nucleotides (DNA, RNA) Five carbon sugar Pryrimidines- cytosine, thymine Purines- adenine, guanine

Polysaccharide Biosynthesis Peptidoglycan- Glycolytic intermediates, nucleotides --->PEG Lipopolysaccharide- Glycolytic intermediates, other sugars ---> LPS, teichoic acid, mycolic acid, glycogen, etc.

Photosynthetic microbes Carbon dioxide fixation Inorganic CO2 is incorporated into the cellular structure (Calvin cycle)

Metabolic diversity Different sources of carbon and energy exist for various microbes, plants, and animals.

Metabolic diversity Four main groups of microbes 1.) chemoheterotrophs 2.) chemoautotrophs 3.) photoautotrophs 4.) photoheterophs

Chemoheterotrophs Many medically important microbes are in this category (E. coli, B. anthrasis, etc.) Carbon source = organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, xenobiotics) Energy source=organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, xenobiotics)

Chemoautotroph Many soil microbes Source of carbon = inorganic molecule (ex. CO2) Source of energy = electrons from inorganic compounds (ex. S, H2S, NO2)

Photoautotroph Photosynthesis (green sulfur bacteria, etc.) Source of carbon = CO2 Source of energy = light

Photoheterotroph photosynthesis (green nonsulfur bacteria, etc.) Source of carbon = organic molecule ( ex. Fatty acids, alcohol, etc.) Source of energy = light

Summary of Anabolism Use ATP (energy) from catabolism for biosynthesis Build small molecules into larger molecules or cell structures (ex. Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids=>lipid, PG) Diversity of metabolic systems (chemoheterotrophs, etc.) Cell division (binary fission)=anabolism

Catabolism and anabolism are integrated (amphibolic pathways)