Maps and Images for McKay 8e A History of Western Society Chapter 22 The Revolution in Energy and Industry Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Borsig Ironworks August Borsig, an artisan, founded the Borsig Ironworks in Berlin in the 1840s. The factory expanded to meet the needs of the burgeoning German rail system. By the time of Borsig's death in 1854, his factory had built 500 locomotives. (Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz) Borsig Ironworks Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Engraving of interior textile mill, bad conditions This engraving from Frances Trollope's Michael Armstrong, Factory Boy depicts the hardship of the times. Here a boy is tearfully leaving his family to work in a textile mill. (British Library) Engraving of interior textile mill, bad conditions Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

George Robertson, Nat-Y-Glo Iron Works This watercolor painting by George Robertson depicts the Nat-Y-Glo (Natyglo) Iron Works, Collieries, and Mine Works, in the parish of Aberystwith, South Wales, belonging to Messrs. J. & C. Bailey. This mining operation figures in the Royal Commission Reports of 1842 on the Employment (and Treatment) of Children and Young Persons in the Iron Works of South Wales. (National Museums & Galleries, Wales) George Robertson, Nat-Y-Glo Iron Works Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Girl mine worker dragging coal This engraving of a girl dragging a coal wagon in the mines was one of several that accompanied a parliamentary report on working conditions in the mines. They shocked public opinion and contributed to the Mines Act of (British Lilbrary) Girl mine worker dragging coal Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Model of Hargreaves's spinning jenny A gifted carpenter and jack-of-all-trades, James Hargreaves invented his cotton-spinning jenny about It was simple and inexpensive; it was also hand-operated. The loose cotton strands on the slanted bobbins passed up to the sliding carriage, and then on to the spindles in back for fine spinning. The worker, almost always a woman, regulated the sliding carriage with one hand, and with the other she turned the crank on the wheel to supply power. By 1783 one woman could spin by hand a hundred threads at a time on an improved model. (Science Museum, London/Michael Holford) Model of Hargreaves's spinning jenny Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Rat-killing as a sport Some harsh forms of entertainment turned up in the industrial period. As this engraving shows, scores of working-class spectators came to see the celebrated dog "Billy" kill one hundred rats at one time at the Westminster Pit in London in (British Library) Rat-killing as a sport Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed Joseph Mallord William Turner ( ) is known for his dramatic treatment of natural light and atmospheric effects in landscapes. This masterpiece, Rain, Steam, and Speed: The Great Western Railway (1844), which conveys the excitement people felt about the new means of transportation, grew out of an unforgettable personal experience. While riding through a rainstorm, Turner stuck his head out of a train window and watched the locomotive race along for ten minutes. The train on his canvas speeds across the bridge, a streak of motion in a landscape blurred by the rain. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY) Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Union certificate This colorful nineteenth-century certificate signifies membership in the first professional union in Britain, the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. With references to classical antiquity, British inventors, and various trades, the document highlights the nobility of the trade. (The Art Archive) Union certificate Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Watt steam engine In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt ( ) was called on to repair a Newcomen engine being used in a physics course. He saw that this engine's waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. Watt went into partnership with a wealthy English toymaker who provided the risk capital and manufacturing plant. Twenty years of constant effort and the help of skilled mechanics enabled Watt to create an effective vacuum and regulate a complex engine. (Science Museum, London) Watt steam engine Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Continental Industrialization, ca Continental Industrialization, ca Although continental countries were beginning to make progress by 1850, they still lagged far behind Britain. For example, continental railroad building was still in an early stage, whereas the British rail system was essentially complete. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Cottage Industry and Transportation in Eighteenth-century England Cottage Industry and Transportation in Eighteenth-century England England had an unusually good system of navigable rivers. From about 1770 to 1800 a canal-building boom linked these rivers together and greatly improved inland transportation. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: European Rails, 1850 and 1880 European Rails, 1850 and 1880 During the mid-nineteenth century, European states built railroads at an increasing rate, creating a dense network by the 1880s. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Industrial Transformation in England, ca The Industrial Transformation in England, ca Industry developed in the areas rich in coal and iron fields. Important cities sprang up nearby and were soon linked by a growing rail network. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.