States of Matter Chapter 7 Lesson 2 Page 264

Matter Matter is divided into 3 main categories Gases LiquidsSolids Plus the latest two Plasmas and Bose-Einstein Condensates

States of Matter There are three states of matter: Solid Liquid Gas How do you describe a solid? SC.8.P.8.1 How do you describe a liquid? SC.8.P.8.1 How do you describe a gas? SC.8.P.8.1

States of Matter Gas Liquid Solid Notice the distance between the particles/atoms fit in each state

Solids Solid- has a definite shape and a definite volume This fixed closely pack arrangement of particles in a solid cause it to have a definite shape and volume

Solids Solids have weight and take up space Solids have their own shape, they do not take the shape of its container. Its particles are packed very closely together The particles are so close that they can only vibrate There are two types: Crystalline and Amorphous

Amorphous The particles are not arranged in a regular patterns.The particles are not arranged in a regular patterns. They don’t melt at a distinct temperatureThey don’t melt at a distinct temperature It may become softer and softer and change into something elseIt may become softer and softer and change into something else Examples:Examples: glass, plastics, and rubber glass, plastics, and rubber Solids Crystalline Particles have a regular repeating pattern, these patterns create a crystals. Are made up of crystals Melt at a certain temp Examples: salt, sugar, and snow Bismuth Crystal Glass

Solids Crystalline solids- solids made of crystals (sugar, salt, snow) When a crystalline solid is heated, it melts at a distinct temperature Amorphous solids- particles are not arranged in a regular patter They become softer or change into another substance when heated (glass, plastics, rubber)

Liquids Liquid- has a definite volume, but no shape of its own Because of liquid has not definite shape, its particles are free to move

Liquids Liquids take the shape of their container. Liquids have weight. Liquids have a constant volume Liquids take up space. It is particles move around but still touch. Molecules of liquids attract each other

Let’s start under the surface of the liquid: Liquid molecules have like molecules all around them Read page 268 Properties of Liquids Surface Tension:- an inward force or pull among molecules in a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together

So the they cohere more strongly to those like molecules and form a surface "film" which makes it more difficult to move an object through the surface than to move it when it is completely submersed. Example a floating needle or insect walking on water Properties of Liquids Surface Tension At the surface molecules have like molecules only on their sides

Adhesion the attraction of unlike molecules: ex: liquid water molecules to the glass, they are poured in. FYI:Properties of Liquids That attraction between molecules is known as either cohesion or adhesion Cohesion is the attraction of like molecules

Properties of Liquids Viscosity Is a liquids resistance to flowing A liquids viscosity depends on the size and shape of its particles and the attraction between them. Liquids with high viscosity flow very slowly Like Honey Liquids with low viscosity flow freely Like Olive Oil

Gas Gas- has neither a definite shape or volume As gas particles move, they spread apart filling all the space available. Thus a gas have neither definite shape or definite volume

Gases The particles spread apart at high speeds Gases spread out to fill the entire space given. Gases have weight. They have neither Definite shape nor volume Gases take up space. They take the shape and volume of their container

Properties of Gases Pressure of the gas is the force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls of its container. The firmness of a gas filled object comes from the pressure of the gas in the container

FYI :Plasma Plasma is a lot like a gas, but the particles are electrically charged But the atoms are different because they are made up of free electrons and ions of the element.

Plasma You don't find plasmas too often when you walk around. They aren't things that happen regularly on Earth. Lightning is a plasma. Used in fluorescent light bulbs and Neon lights.

FYI: Bose-Einstein Condensates Are super-unexcited and super-cold atoms. Basically when the temperature gets very close to 0*K. (few billionths of a degree above absolute zero). Atoms start to clump and become one. They start to occupy the same space. Calcium Condensate Rubidium Condensate The formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate. As experts lower the temperature of the atoms, the cloud on the left gradually localizes to form a pure condensate in the right-hand image. These atoms are just one hundred billionths of a degree above absolute zero

Temperature Is the measure of how hot or cold something is. But what determines an objects temperature? The kinetic energy of an atom. Simply put kinetic energy is the speed at which the atoms/particles are moving. The faster the particles are moving, the greater their energy and the higher the temperature, and vice versa

Kinetic Energy determines the state!

What would it take for matter to move from one state to another? States of Matter

Matter and Energy

Particles in Solids: Are packed tightly together Have very little energy Remember they atoms shake in place