Commander-In-Chief Article II Section 2: the president controls the United States military by working through the Department of Defense. Originally called the Department of War Secretary of defense, who is also a Cabinet member, as well as the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who are the leaders of each branch of the military. Chief Executive Article II Sections 1 and 3: president is the champion of the United States Constitution. He is sworn to uphold and defend its laws, as well as to make sure those laws are executed. Chief Administrator (Bureaucracy) vs. Chief Crisis Manager

Head of State Article II Section 3: president attends state dinners, acts as the ceremonial leader of the nation, and meets with foreign leaders in Washington, D.C. represents the people of the United States at official functions, such as funerals or weddings of important foreign officials, treaty signings, and goodwill trips abroad. Chief Diplomat Article II Section 3: meeting with foreign diplomats, appointing ambassadors, and fulfilling obligations to negotiate treaties, agreements, and understandings with foreign powers.

Powers of the President Alone Commander in Chief Grant Reprieves (postpone or cancel punishment), pardons /clemency (release from punishment) Commission officers of the armed forces Convene Congress in Special Sessions Receive ambassadors Appoint lower officers Powers of the President Shared with Senate Make treaties Appoint ambassadors, judges, and high officials Powers Shared with Congress as a whole Approve legislation

DepartmentsDate Created State1789 Treasury1789 Defense (War developed in 1789)1947 Justice1789 Interior1849 Agriculture1889 Commerce1913 Labor1913 Health and Human Services1953 Housing and Urban Development1965 Transportation1966 Energy1977 Education1979 Veterans Affairs1989 Homeland Security2002

sson22/explore/l22_t01_xp1.htm What trends do you notice? How could you explain these specific trends? Decline in popularity “honeymoon period”  first 100 days of presidency Economic Recessions and American Conflicts

Part A: 2 Points (1 for description) Part B: 4 Points (1 for each identification, 1 for each explanation) Part A: Possible Solutions greater policy conflict likely Narrows field for potential candidates Offices go unfilled Tougher committee scrutiny Harder to get congressional, Senate, Legislative Approval/Confirmation/ Ratification of Appointments More frequent character attacks on nominees Part B: Possible Solutions use of media to get public support Compromise on choices Making deals (Using veto) Building coalitions in Congress/Interest groups Making recess/interim appointments More intense background screenings of nominees (looking for bulletproof candidates) Selecting more minority nominees