12/26/20151 LABORATORY ONE Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

12/26/20152 Anatomical Position When describing the human body, the accepted practice is to refer to a specific body orientation, called anatomical position Anatomical Position: Standing erect, feet forward, toes forward, palms forward

12/26/20153 Orientation to the Human Body Anatomical Planes of Section – used in diagnostic imaging techniques to understand the relative position of internal structures without invasive surgical procedure –Transverse (horizontal): superior/inferior –Frontal (coronal): anterior/posterior –Sagittal (para-, mid-): right/left –Oblique = diagonal

12/26/20154 Body Cavities –Dorsal Cranial: brain Vertebral: spinal cord –Ventral Thoracic Abdominopelvic Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12/26/20155 Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic –Pleural: lungs –Mediastinal: thymus Pericardial: heart Abdominopelvic –Abdominal: stomach, liver, intestine,… –Pelvic: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12/26/20156 Cell Smallest unit of Life Structurally Divided into 3 Parts: –Plasma membrane (boundary, regulates passage of materials in & out of cell) –Cytoplasm (a jelly matrix containing different organelles) –Nucleus (stores genetic information)

12/26/20157 Cell Cycle (All of cell’s activity during its life) Interphase (96% of the time) –Cell is very busy –Period of the highest metabolic activity Carrying out chemical reactions Protein is made DNA replicates (2x) – chromatin or uncoiled DNA Cell division –Mitosis: Growth & maintenance (repair) –Meiosis: Production of sex cells (sperm & egg)

12/26/20158 Mitosis Prophase –Coiled DNA (chromosomes, 2x) is formed – condensed –Centrioles migrate to poles and organize special protein fibers, called spindle microtubules (red individual lines) –spindle mictrotubules attach to chromosomes –Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disassemble Metaphase –Spindle microtubules move chromosomes to the center of the cell –Mitotic spindle are formed (the whole pink structure consisting of individual spindle microtubules) –Two copies of chromosomes align along the cell equator Anaphase –Copies of chromosomes separate & migrate toward the poles –Cleavage furrow (indicates cytokinesis has begun) Telophase (reverse of prophase) –Chromosome uncoils into later becoming chromatin –Nuclear envelope and nucleoli reassemble

12/26/20159 The Microscope To study smaller subunits in tissues –Components of microscope (in practicum) Ocular lenses (10x = 10 times) Objective lenses & rotating nose piece –4x, 10x, 40x, 100x Mechanical stage & control knobs Coarse/fine focus knobs Substage light source, arm and base Working distance: the space between the objective lens and specimen Objective Lens slide

12/26/ How to Work with Microscope Plug in your microscopes into the outlet Looking thru lens, you should see only 1 circle, called the field, if not, adjust the eyepiece Your eyes should be 1/2inch away from the eyepiece Before putting the slide on, lower the mechanical stage, and put the lowest power lens in place. Secure the slide in place on the mechanical stage Use the mechanical stage control knobs to move the slide in Y- or X- access Focus with coarse and then with fine focus knob to get sharp focus What happens to objective lens length as magnification increases? What happens to working distance as the magnification increases? Should the coarse focus knob ever be used when viewing under high power? Calculating total magnification (in practicum) –Ocular lens (10x). Objective lens (4x) = 40x

12/26/ Storing Microscopes Lower the mechanical stage Put the lowest power lens in place Dim the light and turn off the light source