SC.912.L.16.7

 In Eukaryotes: gene transfer only from parent to offspring during sexual reproduction (pre technology)  In Prokaryotes: genetic transfer common between individuals, even non-related

 Remember, prokaryotes have no nucleus.  Bacteria: somatic genome, circle of double- stranded DNA  Optional: smaller circles of DNA: plasmids.  Genes on plasmids allow survival under unusual conditions.  Bacterium duplicates plasmid, gives a copy to another cell via a thin tube called a pilus.

5  Nonreproductive Methods : bacteria can acquire new genetic material. CharacteristicTransformationConjugationTransduction Method of DNA Transfer Across cell wall and cell membrane of recepient Through a conjugation bridge between two cells By a virus Plasmid transfer Yes Not likely Chromosome transfer NoSometimesNo Antibiotic resistance acquired Yes Sometimes

This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein Transformation is the process by which genetic material is absorbed from the outside environment

 A type of Bacteria Sex  Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

A hollow bridge forms, the pilus, between two bacterial cells, and genes move from one cell to the other

Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

 Can replicate only by invading host cell and using its enzyme and organelles.  Bacteriophage – viruses that infect bacteria  Used to study viruses  1. Lytic Cycle  Viral genome is released into the host cell  Replication follows immediately  Cellular components used to make new viruses  Viral enzyme kills cell.

 Nucleic acid of virus becomes part of the host cell’s chromosome  Nucleic acid remains in the cell in this form for many generations  HIV follows this pattern  HIV infects WBC and remains as proviruses  As immune system fails, opportunistic infections occur = AIDS

 Electro- and chemical poration: make holes in cell membrane by chemicals or electric currents  Microinjection: injecting new gene (glass needle) into the recipient cell  Bioballistics: metals slivers coated with DNA, ëshotí into cell  Recombinant DNA (uses biological vectors like plasmids or viruses)

 Use of bacterium plasmids (or viruses):  If bacterium takes up the plasmid with inserted material, it will make the protein for which the gene codes.  Example: insulin production