Chapter 9

1. Water cycle- Each part of the cycle drives the other parts.

A.____________- water changing to water vaporevaporation

A. ____________________ - evaporation from ice;sublimation

A. from plants evaporation transpiration

B. -changing water vapor into liquid form condensation

C. - liquid or solid form of water falling to Earth precipitation

2.________-rainwater that does not soak into the ground or evaporate runoff

3. Factors that influence runoff: A. type of land B. slope C. amount of rain D. time span in which rain falls E. amount of vegetation F. climate/temperature

4. Water Erosion

A. small streams form and erode a groove into the land; if it continues a gully will form A. rill and gully erosion (channel)

B.____________-flat areas are flooded and sediments are carried away. sheet erosion

C. ____________ -water continually erodes the same path making a__________ and ___________ river stream erosion deeper wider

1) -lightweight particles carried by a stream suspended load

2)_____________-the heavier sediments that are rolled along the bottom of a stream bedload

river systems 5. ____________ and smaller streams a network of rills, gullies, which join to form rivers

6.____________ the land watered by the river system; the land from which the river collects drainage basin runoff

7. Stages of stream development:

A. ___________ moves, may have white water rapids and waterfalls; high level of energy; erodes young stream swiftly bottomsidesfaster than the

mature stream B.___________________flows less swiftly; erodes waterfall rocks away; more gentle gradient; begins to _____________ (curve back and forth) meander

old stream C. __________flows slowly through a floodplain; has ______ meanders wide

Meandering

oxbow lake D.___________a piece of a meander that has been cut off from the main river

floodplain E.___________ fertile area covered by sediment caused by frequent flooding

delta 8.______sediments dropped in a _____ shape at the mouth of a river fan

levee 9.________an earthen barrier built along a river

groundwater 10. ____________water that sinks (leaches) into the porous parts of Earth’s crust (about 90% of all fresh water)

porosity 11. ________the amount of water a rock can hold

permeability 12. ___________ rocks with a _______ density; many spaces low

impermeability 13.________________rocks with a ____ density; tightly packed high

14. __________ permeable rock layers that allow water to flow freely aquifer

15._____________- upper surface of the zone of saturation water table

A._________________ -area where water fills up a permeable layer. Zone of saturation

B. ___________________- area of crust filled with air Zone of aeration

16. __________ - water under pressure raises to the surface because of the abundance of water in an aquifer. artesian well

17._____________- where the water table is close to the Earth’s surface, water may ooze out to form a spring; ________________- form when groundwater comes in contact with hot underground rocks. spring hot springs

18. ____________- hot springs that are forced upward through A small opening geysers

19. ____________________- an underground area that has been eroded by ______________________ (carbonation) cave or cavern chemical weathering

20._____________- “V” icicle-like structures formed By calcium carbonate left behind from dripping water stalactite

21. ________________ - “^ ” deposits of calcium Carbonate that build up on the floor of a cave or cavern. stalagmite

22. ____________- funnel-shaped depressions that are formed when rainwater dissolves underground rock ______________ sinkholes near the surface

23. __________________- area that lies between high and low tide; affected by ____________, _____________, and _________. shore zone waves currentstides

24. ________________ - ocean current that flows _______________ to the shore. longshore current parallel

25. _____________ - narrow ocean current that flows at a right angle from the shore. rip current

26. _____- material found on shoreline made from ____________, _____________, and other shoreline materials. sand broken rocks shells

27. _______________-sand deposits accumulate and form islands__________________ to the mainland. barrier islands parallel