Necessary materials: PowerPoint Guide If teacher has internet access, the following YouTube video would be a good tool at Slide 12 “Trophic Level Cascades Complete” at Teacher Information!
Ecosystem Productivity Principles of Ecology
Students will be able to… Discuss trophic levels and energy flow in ecosystems
Food chains Definitions reviewed: Producers autotrophs make up the base of an ecosystem Consumers eat other living organisms Detrivores/decomposers consume dead organisms and fecal wastes
Primary productivity The rate at which producers capture & store energy in their tissues Gross = total Net = after respiration The most productive ecosystems in the world estuaries, swamps, marshes, tropical rain forest
Net primary production per unit area of the world’s common ecosystems
Factors influencing primary productivity Climate & nutrients Morphology & size of organism Rainfall Temperature Season Soil (mineral & nutrient availability)
Pathways of energy flow Energy from primary productivity can flow through 2 categories of food webs Grazing food webs Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer tertiary consumer… Detrital food webs Energy flows from producers to detrivores & decomposers
Trophic levels Feeding levels with respect to primary source of energy Producers & consumers each occupy a different trophic level Energy is lost at each level
Biomass The total weight of all living organisms Biomass at each trophic level biomass pyramid Biomass pyramid (grams/m 2 ) Producers Herbivores Primary carnivores Top carnivores Detrivores/ decomposers 5
Energy flow pyramid The amount of energy in each trophic level can also be estimated and plotted in a pyramid Energy flow pyramid (kcal/m 2 /year) 20,810 3, Producers Herbivores Primary carnivores Top carnivores Detrivores/decomposers 5,060
Why do energy and biomass decrease at higher trophic levels? Not all biomass is consumed from one trophic level to next Not all that is consumed is turned into biomass Shorter food chain/web = less loss of energy Supports idea that vegetarianism is the best way to feed a large population…
Vegetarianism Results in a decrease of human position on food chain This won’t solve world hunger Only 25% of earth’s land can be farmed We need ruminants
The “Cellulose Dichotomy” Cellulose most abundant, naturally-occuring organic molecule on earth Humans can’t digest it Ruminants can digest it Cattle, sheep, goats Deer, bison, antelope, moose, elk “Hind-gut fermentors” can digest cellulose Horses, rabbits, some rodents cellulose
Review Discuss trophic levels and energy flow in ecosystems