23-1 Intermediate Accounting James D. Stice Earl K. Stice © 2012 Cengage Learning PowerPoint presented by Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Pepperdine University Analysis of Financial Statements Chapter th Edition

23-2 Framework for Financial Statement Analysis Financial statement analysis is the examination of both the relationships among financial statement numbers and the trends in those numbers over time. One purpose of financial statement analysis is to use the past performance of a company to predict its future profitability and cash flows. (continued)

23-3 Another purpose of financial statement analysis is to evaluate the performance of a company with an eye toward identifying problem areas. Most pieces of information are meaningful only when they can be compared to some benchmark; such as past values or with values for other firms in the same industry. (continued) Framework for Financial Statement Analysis

23-4 The Accounting Principles Board stated that comparisons between financial statements are most informative and useful under the following conditions: 1.The presentations are in good form; that is, the arrangement within the statement is identical. 2.The content of the statements is identical; that is, the same items from the underlying accounting records are classified under the same captions. (continued) Framework for Financial Statement Analysis

Accounting principles are not changed, or, if they are changed, the financial effects of the changes are disclosed. 4.Changes in circumstances or in the nature of the underlying transactions are disclosed. (continued) Framework for Financial Statement Analysis To the extent that the foregoing criteria are not met, comparisons may be misleading.

23-6 Common-Size Financial Statements Financial statements are made comparable by dividing all financial statement numbers for a given year by sales for the year. The resulting financial statements are called common-size financial statements, with all amounts for a given year being shown as a percentage of sales for that year.

23-7 DuPont Framework The DuPont framework was developed internally at DuPont around It provides a systematic approach to identifying general factors causing return on equity (ROE) to deviate from normal. Return on equity (net income/equity) is the single measure that summarizes the financial health of a company.

23-8 DuPont Framework Return on equity for Colesville Corporation for the years 2013 and 2012 is computed as follows: Net income$180,000$205,000 Stockholders’ equity$1,468,000$1,090,000 Return on equity12.3%18.8% (continued)

23-9 Coleville’s ROE is 12.3% for 2013 and 18.8% for DuPont Framework

23-10 Accounts Receivable Turnover Colesville Corporation $6,600,000 ($333,500 + $375,000)/ = $354,250 = 18.6 times Sales Average accounts receivable (continued)

23-11 $5,700,000 ($375,000 + $420,000)/ = $397,500 = 14.3 times Sales Average accounts receivable The higher the turnover, the more rapid is a firm’s average collection period for receivables. Accounts Receivable Turnover Colesville Corporation

23-12 ($333,500 + $375,000)/2 $6,600,000/ = $18,082 $354,250 = 19.6 days (continued) Average Collection Period Colesville Corporation Average accounts receivable Average daily sales

23-13 Average accounts receivable Average daily sales ($375,000 + $420,000)/2 $5,700,000/ = $15,616 $397,500 = 25.5 days What constitutes a reasonable average collection period varies with individual businesses. Average Collection Period Colesville Corporation

23-14 Inventory Turnover $4,800,000 ($125,000 + $330,000)/ = $227,500 = 21.1 times (continued) Cost of goods sold Average inventory Colesville Corporation

23-15 Cost of goods sold Average inventory $4,000,000 ($330,000 + $225,000)/ = $277,500 = 14.4 times Inventory turnover allows for evaluation of the firm’s inventory position and the appropriateness of the inventory size. Inventory Turnover Colesville Corporation

23-16 Number of Days’ Sales in Inventory 365 Inventory turnover = = 17.3 days (continued) Colesville Corporation

Inventory turnover = = 25.3 days Colesville is holding a 25-day supply of inventory in 2013 compared to a 17-day supply in Number of Days’ Sales in Inventory Colesville Corporation

23-18 Fixed Asset Turnover Sales Average fixed assets $6,600,000 ($330,000 + $225,000)/ = ($925,000 + $1,075,000)/2 $1,000,000 = 6.60 times (continued) Colesville Corporation

23-19 $5,700,000 ($330,000 + $225,000)/ = ($1,075,000 + $1,275,000)/2 $1,175,000 = 4.85 times The fixed asset turnover measures a firm’s efficiency in using fixed assets to generate sales. Sales Average fixed assets Fixed Asset Turnover Colesville Corporation

23-20 Margin vs. Turnover Profitability and efficiency combine to determine a company’s return on assets. $205,000 ($2,191,000 + $2,278,000)/ = ($1,760,000 + $2,191,000)/2 $1,975,500 = 10.4% Colesville Corporation Net income Average total assets ROA =

23-21 Margin vs. Turnover Profitability and efficiency combine to determine a company’s return on assets. $180,000 ($2,191,000 + $2,278,000)/ = ($2,191,000 + $2,278,000)/2 $2,234,500 = 8.1% Net income Average total assets ROA = (continued) Colesville Corporation

23-22 Margin vs. Turnover The profitability of each dollar in sales is sometimes called a company’s margin. The degree to which assets are used to generate sales is called turnover. Margin isn’t everything, nor is turnover everything. The important thing is how margin and turnover combine to generate return on assets. (continued)

23-23 Leverage Ratios 1.More borrowing means that more assets can be purchased without any additional equity investment by stockholders. 2.More assets means that more sales can be generated. 3.More sales means that net income should increase. Higher leverage increases return on equity through the following chain of events:

23-24 Debt Ratio Colesville Corporation Total liabilities Total assets $1,101,000 $2,191, = = 50.3% $810,000 $2,278, = = 35.6% Debt ratio is a measure of the level of borrowing relative to funds used to finance the company.

23-25 Debt-to-Equity Ratio Total liabilities Stockholders’ equity $1,101,000 $1,090, = = 1.01 $810,000 $1,468, = = 0.55 Another common way to measure the level of leverage is the debt-to-equity ratio. Colesville Corporation

23-26 Times Interest Earned Colesville Corporation Income before interest or income taxes Interest expense $290,000 + $60,000 $60, = $350,000 = 5.8 times (continued) $600,000 x 0.10

23-27 Times Interest Earned Income before interest or income taxes Interest expense $260,000 + $40,000 $40, = $300,000 = 7.5 times $400,000 x 0.10 This is a measure of the debt position of a company in relation to its earnings ability. Colesville Corporation

23-28 Current Ratio Current assets Current liabilities $955,500 $501, = = 1.91 $855,000 $410, = = 2.09 The current ratio is a test of liquidity, or the firm’s ability to meet its current obligations. Colesville Corporation

23-29 Cash Flow Adequacy Ratio Cash from operating activities Total primary cash requirements (continued) 23-29

23-30 Colesville Corporation $424,500 $375, = = 1.13 $249,000 $602, = = 0.41 Because the cash flow adequacy ratio in 2013 is less than 1.0, Colesville was not able to satisfy its primary cash requirements with cash generated by operations. Cash Flow Adequacy Ratio

23-31 Earnings per Share Net income Weighted shares outstanding $205,000 $75, = = 2.73 $180,000 $90, = = 2.00 This well-known ratio shows the size of the dividend per share of common stock if all the net income is distributed. Colesville Corporation

23-32 Dividend Payout Ratio Cash dividends Net income $145,000 $205, = = 70.7% $102,000 $180, = = 56.7% In general, high-growth stable firms have low dividend payout ratios. Colesville Corporation

23-33 Price-Earnings Ratio Market value per share Earnings per share $60.00 $ = = 22.0 $29.00 $ = = 14.5 High P/E ratios are generally associated with firms for which strong future growth is predicted. Colesville Corporation

23-34 Book-to-Market Ratio Book value of stockholders’ equity Total market value of equity $1,090,000 $4,200, = = 0.26 $1,468,000 $2,900, = = 0.51 The book-to-market ratio reflects the difference between a company’s balance sheet value and the company’s actual market value. Colesville Corporation

23-35 Impact of Alternative Accounting Methods If companies are using different accounting practices, it will impact the comparability of ratios.

23-36 Introduction to Equity Valuation The following information for McDonald’s will be used for a simple valuation model: Assume the required rate of return on equity capital for McDonald’s is 15%.

23-37 Constant Future Dividends The appropriate formula is as follows: Price = Dividends Required rate of return on equity capital Price = $ = $13.67 Thus, the implied price per share for McDonald’s for 2009 was $13.67.

23-38 Constant Dividend Growth McDonald’s growth rate over the past 12 years has exceeded 20%. Assuming a slower future growth rate of 12%, the implied price per share is computed as follows: Price = Dividends Required rate of return on equity – Expected future dividend growth rate Price = $ – 0.12 = $68.33

23-39 Price-Earnings Multiple An investor can value a company’s share by using the information in the P/E ratio as follows: Price = Earnings × P/E ratio P/E ratios for a selection of restaurant chains at the end of 2009 are as follows: (continued)

23-40 Price-Earnings Multiple Using the average of these ratios (27.0), the implied price per share 2009 for McDonald’s is computed as follows: Price = Earnings × P/E ratio Price = $4.11 × 27.0 = $110.97

23-41 Discounted Free Cash Flow Free cash flow is defined as: Cash from operating activities – Cash paid for capital expenditures = Free cash flow

23-42 Comparison of the Valuation Models The actual market price of a share of McDonald’s stock at the end of 2009 was $ The computed prices for McDonald’s shares at the end of 2009, using each of the four models are as follows:

23-43 Chapter 23 The End $

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