Biochemistry of Cells &feature=iv&src_vid=nt9u7CfVoc4&v=4dbkAGcQ8mM

Carbon Compounds Section 2.3

Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharide Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (H:O in 2:1 ratio) Lipids Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty Acids Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (H:O not in 2:1 ratio) Proteins Monomer: Amino Acid Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide 1) 5 Carbon sugar, 2) phosphate group 3)nitrogenous base Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Organic Compounds ORGANIC INORGANIC All compounds are either ORGANIC, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen, or INORGANIC. The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.

Carbon Bonding: FOUR valence Carbon has FOUR valence electrons  Needs eight electrons to be stable four covalent Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon

Carbon Bonding Carbon can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings  Leading to a great variety of organic compounds

Carbon Bonding Single BondSharing 2 electronsA single line Double BondSharing 4 electronsTwo parallel lines Triple BondSharing 6 electronsThree parallel lines

Large Carbon Molecules: In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as MONOMERS. Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as POLYMERS.  Large polymers are also called MACROMOLECULES  The process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three- dimensional networks - POLYMERIZATION

2-3 Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry – The study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Draw a Carbon- atom with the proper number of valence electrons.

2-3 Carbon Compounds What is so unique about Carbon?  Can form up to four covalent bonds  Can form single, double, or triple bonds  Can bond to other carbons forming long chains and rings

Hydrocarbons: Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars 11 The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies

The six most abundant elements of life

Macromolecules  “Giant Molecules”  Formed by a process known as polymerization.  Monomer – smaller units  Polymer – larger units formed by monomers.

How are Polymers formed? 15 Cells link monomers by a process called dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water)

How are Polymers Digested? Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water) 16

Polymers in our Body Proteins 17 Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates 1:2:1 Ratio of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen Plants and Animals use carbohydrates as main source of energy CARBON HYDROGENOXYGEN

Carbohydrates Monomer = monosaccharide - a single sugar unit like those found in soda  Ex: What is the molecular formula for glucose?

Carbohydrates Polymer Disaccharides: Two sugar units combined like those found in cereal, candy, or milk.

Carbohydrates Polymer Polysaccharide: many sugar units combined like those found in pasta and potatoes  Ex: Starch: multiple glucose units - how plants store carbs

Carbohydrates  Ex: Glycogen: multiple glucose units how animals store carbs (1 or two days max) Cellulose: multiple glucose units used to build cell wall of plants

Nucleic Acids  Monomer: nucleotide  Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.  Polymer: polynucleotide or nucleic acid  Store and transmit hereditary or genetic material  Ex: DNA or RNA