Ecosystem functions: The capacity of natural processes and components to provide goods and services that satisfy human needs. (de Groot, 1992) Ecosystem Services:Valued Ecosystem Functions. R.S. de Groot et al. / Ecological Economics 41 (2002) 393–408

IFS-MM Result Land Use / Land Cover Forest, Wetland, Riparian, River/Lake, Urban, Dairy, Sheep&Beef, Horticulture Ecosystem Services Functioning index (slider) Values Cost of actions Benefit Transferred ES Stakeholder dialogue Actions Erosion control (SLUI) Nutrient management Riparian Planting Waste Water Treatment Restoration Impacts of Erosion, Nutrient runoff and habitat loss

Natural Capital (and changes in land use) Forest Wetlands Rivers and Streams Estuary and coast Dairy Beef & Sheep Horticulture Urban Ecosystem Services Storm protection Food Habitat provision Nutrient cycling Climate regulation and carbon cycling Recreation (E)Valuation Stakeholder participation National, regional and local funding sources for actions. CBA, EIA and CEA. Cultural and spiritual values Perceived or non-perceived benefits Changes over time and time delays Action Plan Fencing of Streams and riparian planting SLUI and reforestation Wetland restoration Nitrogen management and herd homes Point source reduction Impacts Erosion and sedimentation Nutrient runoff and eutrophication Aquatic habitat

MIMES Results Land Use / Land Cover Forest, Wetland, Riparian, River/Lake, Urban, Dairy, Sheep&Beef, Horticulture Ecosystem Services Functioning index (slider) Values Cost of actions Benefit Transferred ES Stakeholder dialogue Actions Erosion control (SLUI) Nutrient management Riparian Planting Waste Water Treatment Restoration Impacts of Erosion, Nutrient runoff and habitat loss

Forest, Wetland, Riparian, River/Lake, Ecosystem Services Provided Stakeholder dialogue Actions Impacts of Erosion, Nutrient runoff and habitat loss Urban, Dairy, Sheep&Beef, Horticulture - + Pressures Ecosystem Services Demanded Values Cost of actions Causality within the sustainability loop

Forest, Wetland, Riparian, River/Lake, Ecosystem Services Provided Actions Impacts of Erosion, Nutrient runoff and habitat loss Urban, Dairy, Sheep&Beef, Horticulture - + Pressures Ecosystem Services Demanded Values Economic Services - + Economic Sectors + + Causality for sustainable economies

Forest, Wetland, Riparian, River/Lake, Ecosystem Services Provided Actions Impacts of Erosion, Nutrient runoff and habitat loss Urban, Dairy, Sheep&Beef, Horticulture - + Pressures Ecosystem Services Demanded Values Economic Services - + Economic Sectors + + Causality for non-sustainability Economies Subsidies +

Manawatu Land Use (ha) by Land Covers Land U se Dairy Cropping Forestry Sheep & Beef Residential Industry Services Conservation Water Use Land Cover Urban11468 Pasture Cropping6591 Wetland210 Forest Shrub63697 Water3092 Riparian222

Ecosystems provide Ecosystem Functions  Ecosystem Functions De-nitrification Water storage Habitat conditions for wildlife Habitat conditions for Soil organisms Growing of Biomass Buildings and and Roads Land Cover or Ecosystems Riparianlowmediumhighmedium Croppinglowhighlow Forestmediumhigh Pasturelow highlow Shrublowmedium low Urbanhigh Waterlowhigh low Wetlandhigh low

Ecosystem functions perform services Ecosystem Services Waste assimilation Flood protection Habitat provisioning Recreational Cultural Pollination Fish and Water Quality Soil Formation Water Supply Food provisioning Ecosystems Functions DenitrificationXx Water Storagexx Habitat for Wildlife xxx Habitat for Soil Organisms xx Growing of Biomass xxX Buildings and Roads x

Ecosystems provide Ecosystem Functions S() Performance Ecosystems Ecosystem Functions Total ESS Function

Ecosystem services needs for economic productivity Ecosystem services Economic Sectors Demographic Groups Farmers Recreationists Foresters Iwi Urbanites Conservationist Industrialists Services Ecosystems Services Waste assimilationhigh Flood protectionlow high Habitat provisioningmediumhigh Recreational Cultural high Pollinationhigh Fish and Water Quality high mediumhigh Soil Formationhigh Water Supplyhighmediumhighmedium Food provisioninghigh medium

Ecosystem services needs for economic productivity

Economic sector productivity needs for economic sectors Economic Sectors Demographic Groups Farmers Recreationists Foresters Iwi Urbanites Conservationist Industrialists Services Demographic Groups Farmershigh Recreationistsmedhigh Foresterslow medhigh Iwihigh low Urbaniteshigh Conservationistsmedhighmedhighmedhigh Industrialistshigh lowhigh Serviceshigh medhighlowhigh

Ecosystem FunctionsSector Solutions Omni-directional, Global Carbon sequestration Net Primar ProductivityCarbon capture Carbon storage BiomassCarbon Storage Existence of “nature” Diverse HabitatsThe Zoo, Musea Omni-directional, Local Storm protection Coastal WetlandsDikes Waste treatment Nutrient cyclingWaste management Pollination Pollinator habitatBee keeping Directional flow related: Water supply Rain, Rivers and StreamsWater diversion projects Water regulation/flood protection Soil storage potentialDams Nutrient regulation Mineralization processesFertilizer production Sediment regulation Soil protection through root structuresSettling ponds In situ Rangeland for livestock Natural shrubs and grasslandsPasture, Feed crops Nitrogen mineralization Decomposition of Org MatterFertilizer application Soil formation Weathering and Litter fallHydroponics Raw materials WoodPlastics Non-timber forest products MushroomsTwinkies User movement flow related Aesthetic/recreation potential The local swimming holeTourist activities

Economic sector productivity needs for economic sectors

Economic sectors produce Environmental Externalities Impacts Nitrogen Loading Urbanization Restoration Erosion Demographic Groups Farmershigh Recreationistsmediumlow Foresterslow high Iwi Urbaniteshigh Conservationistshigh Industrialistshigh Serviceshigh

Economic sectors produce Environmental Externalities

Externalities have impact on Ecosystems Ecosystems Externalities

Externalities have impact on Ecosystems Production ECS available Ecosystems Performance Economic Sectors

Scenarios: The Impact of Decision Makers on Impacts from Investments Impacts Farms Recreation Forestry Indigenous rights Commerce Conservation Industry Decision Makers Individuals Households Managers Regional councils SLUI National government I International organizations

Decision Making Ecosystems Capital Production ECS available Performance Decision Making Investment Economic Sectors