SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN AFRICA Tymeka Lewis, Ph.D. student Walden University PUBH Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrell Spring, 2009

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Schistosomiasis Definition Rate of the disease Symptoms Treatments Prevention

WHAT IS SCHISTOSOMIASIS? Bilharzia or snail fever (CDC, 2008) 200 million people are infected, mainly in Africa (CDC, 2008) 20 million people disabled (EPA, 2008) 280,000 die each year (EPA, 2008) Contaminated freshwater with snails carry the disease (CDC, 2008) CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from

HOW YOU GET IT? Contact with contaminated freshwater with Schistosoma eggs Eggs hatch Parasites grows in snails Parasites leaves snails Parasites enters a person’s skin (CDC, 2008) CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: Fact sheet. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Figure 1. Wikipedia. Skin vesicales on the forearem, created by the penetration of Schistosoma.

MAIN FORMS OF HUMAN SCHISTOSOMIASIS S. mansoni Figure 2. Wikipedia. S. haematobium Figure 3. Wikipedia.

SYMPTOMS Rash or itchy skin Fever or chills Cough Muscle aches Inflammation -swelling and tenderness of the liver CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from

TREATMENT FOR SCHISTOSOMIASIS Praziquantel – treats all forms (CDC, 2008) Oxamniquine – treats intestinal (CDC, 2008) Metrifonate – treats urinary (WHO, 2007) No vaccine (CDC, 2008) CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for the lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from sandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.ht ml sandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.ht ml WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from on/Schisto.html on/Schisto.html Figure 4. Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel ) 600 mg Tablets

PREVENTION Avoid freshwater washing, swimming, wading or bathing Drink safe water Heat bath water Use toilets CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from Figure 5. Photo Disc Image.

WHO DOES IT MAINLY AFFECT? CHILDREN! Figure 6. Girl getting water. Figure 7. Kids playing in water.

REDUCING THE DISEASE IN AFRICA Health education Control of freshwater snails Supply of water Low cost of medicine Management of the environment Improve sanitation WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from oduction/Schisto.html oduction/Schisto.html Figure 8. WHO. New parasites (cercariae)

CONCLUSION Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms (CDC, 2008). A person become infected with schistosomiasis when contaminated freshwater where snails carry schistosomes gets on the skin (CDC, 2008). There are two main forms of schistosomiasis (Britannica, 2009).

CONCLUSION Praziquantel is the drug that treats it (CDC, 2008). DON’T swim, wade, bath or wash in freshwater. 66 million children are affected with schistosomiasis (WHO, 2007).

CONCLUSION To reduce incidence in African communities Health education should be provided Freshwater snails should be under control Supply of water should be tested Praziquantel should be provided to children annually Management of the environment including improved sanitation (pipes)

REFERENCES CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for the lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from miasis_fact_sheet.html miasis_fact_sheet.html CDC. (2009). Prevention of specific infectious diseases. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Schistosomiasis.aspxhttp://wwwn.cdc.gov.travel.yellowBookCH4- Schistosomiasis.aspx CDC. (2009). Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Wikipedia. Clements, A., Garba, A., Sacko, M., Toure., Dembele, R., Landoure, A., Bosque-Olivia, E., Gabrielli, A. F., & Fenwick, A. (2008). Mapping the probability of schistosomiasis and associated uncertainty, West Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(10), DOI: /eid

REFERENCES CONTINUED Deganello, R., Cruciani, M., Beltramello, C., Duncan, O., Oyugi, V., & Montresor, A. (2007). Schistosoma hematobium and S. mansoni among children, Southern Sudan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(10), Doumenge, J. P., Mott, K. E., Villenave, C. D., Perrin, O. C., & Reaud- Thomas, G. (1987). Atlas of the global distribution of schistosomiasis. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from m m Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel). [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Meltzer, E., Artom, G., Marva, E., Assous, M. V., Rahav, G., & Schwartz, E. (2006). Schistosomiasis among travelers: New aspects of an old disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11),

REFERENCES CONTINUED Photos Disc Image. [Online Image]. Water boiling in pot on stove. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Schistosomiasis. (2009). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from Encyclopedia Britannica Taylor, M. (2008). Global trends in schistosomiasis control. World Health Organization, 86(10), 738. doi 10:2471/BLT WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from WHO. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from World Health Organization. Wikipedia. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Wikipedia.

FOR FURTHER READING CDC. (2008).. Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Centron, M. S., Chitsulo, L., & Sullivan, J. J. (1996). Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi. Lancet, 348, Photograhy.com. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from Photography.com Pritt, B. S., & Clark, C. G. (2008). Amebiasis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83(10), Schwartz, E., Kozarsky, P., Wilson, M., & Centron, M. (2005). Schistosome infection among river rafters on Omo River, Ethiopia. Journal Travel Medicine, 12, 3-8. World Health Organization. (1993). The control of schistosomiasis: Second report of the WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series 830. Geneva.

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