CHAPTER 3 NETWORK THEOREM

NETWORK THEOREM Superposition Theorem Source Transformation Thevenin & Norton Equivalent

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Principle If a circuit has two or more independent sources, the voltage across or current through an element in a linear circuit, is the algebraic sum of voltages across or current through that element due to each independent source acting alone.

Steps to apply superposition principle Turn off all independent sources except one sources. For voltage source replace by short circuit For current source replace by open circuit. Find voltage or current due to that active source using any technique. Repeat the procedure for each of the other source Find total contribution by adding algebraically all the contribution due to the independent source

Practice Problem 10.5 Find current in the circuit using the superposition theorem

Solution Let Io = Io’ + Io” where Io’ and Io” are due to voltage source and current source respectively. For Io’ consider circuit beside where the current source is open circuit For mesh 1 …(1) For mesh 2 …(2)

Solution Substitute equation (1) into equation (2)

Solution For Io” consider circuit beside where the voltage source is short circuit Let

Solution Therefore

Practice Problem 10.6 Calculate Vo in the circuit using superposition theorem

Solution Let vo = vo’ + vo” where vo’ is due to the voltage source and vo” is due to the current source. For vo’ we remove current source which is now open circuit Transfer the circuit to frequency domain ( = 5) By voltage division

Solution For vo” we remove voltage source and replace with short circuit Transfer the circuit to frequency domain ( = 10) By current division Let

Solution Thus Therefore

SOURCE TRANSFORMATION

Source Transformation Source transformation in the frequency domain involves transforming a voltage source in series with an impedance to a current source in parallel with an impedance, or vice versa.

Example 10.7 Calculate Vx in the circuit by using source transformation

Solution If we transform the voltage source to a current source, we obtain the circuit as shown. The parallel combination of 5 resistance and (3+j4) impedance gives a new equivalent impedance Z1

Solution Convert the current source to a voltage source yields the circuit as below We then could solve for VX by using voltage division

Practice Problem 10.7 Find Io in the circuit by using the concept of source transformation

Solution If we transform the current source to a voltage source, we obtain the circuit as shown.

Solution We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown below Note that Let Then

Solution By current division

THEVENIN & NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Equivalent Circuit Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Norton Equivalent Circuit

Relationship Keep in mind that the two equivalent circuit are related as and Vth = VOC = open circuit voltage IN = ISC = short circuit current

Steps to determine equivalent circuit Zth or ZN Equivalent impedance looking from the terminals when the independence sources are turn off. For voltage source replace by short circuit and current source replace by open circuit. Vth Voltage across terminals when the terminals is open circuit IN Current through the terminals when the terminals is short circuit Note When there is dependent source or sources with difference frequencies, the step to find the equivalent is not straight forward.

Practice Problem 10.8 Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit

Solution To find Zth, set voltage source to zero

Solution To find Vth, open circuit at terminals a-b

Example 10.9 Find Thevenin equivalent of the circuit as seen from terminals a-b

Solution To find Vth, we apply KCL at node 1 Applying KVL to the loop on the right-hand side Thus the Thevenin voltage is or

Solution To find Zth, we remove the independent source. Due to the presence of the dependent current source, connect 3A current source to terminals a-b At the node apply KCL Applying KVL to the outer loop The Thevenin impedance is

Practice Problem 10.9 Determine the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit as seen from the terminals a-b

Solution To find Vth, consider circuit beside At node 1, …(1) Thus node 2 become …(2) but

Solution Substitute equation (2) into equation (1)

Solution To find Zth, we remove the independent source and insert 1V voltage source between terminals a-b At node a, But And So

Solution Therefore

Example 10.10 Obtain current Io by using Norton’s Theorem

Solution To find ZN, i) Short circuit voltage source ii) Open circuit source As a result, the (8-j2) and (10+j4) impedances are short circuit.

Solution To find IN, i) Short circuit terminal a-b ii) Apply mesh analysis Notice that mesh 2 and 3 form a supermesh. Mesh 1 …(1) Supermesh …(2)

Solution At node a, due to the current source between mesh 2 and 3 …(3) Adding equation (1) and (2) gives From equation (3) The Norton current is

Solution By using Norton’s equivalent circuit along with the impedance at terminal a-b, we could solve for Io. By using current division

Practice Problem 10.10 Determine the Norton equivalent circuit as seen from terminal a-b. Use the equivalent to find Io

Solution To find ZN, i) Short circuit voltage source ii) Open circuit source ZN = = =

Solution To find IN, i) Short circuit terminal a-b ii) Solve for IN using mesh analysis

Solution Supermesh …(1) …(2) Mesh 3 …(3) Solving for IN

Solution Using Norton equivalent, we could find Io

Problem 11.14 Determine Thevenin equivalent circuit looking from the load, Z. Determine load, Z that will produce maximum power transfer. Value of the maximum power. (is = 5 cos 40t A)

Problem 10.36 (Buku Electric Circuit by Nilsson & Riedel) Determine Thevenin equivalent circuit looking from the load, Z. Determine load, Z that will produce maximum power transfer. Value of the maximum power.

Problem 11.15 Determine Thevenin equivalent circuit looking from the load, ZL. Determine load, ZL that will produce maximum power transfer. Value of the maximum power.