Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Pg. 9 IAN- Set Up Cornell Style Using the Saladin book or your phone, what is the difference between macroscopic and microscopic anatomy?

Human Functions All humans are able to perform the following functions: 1) Responsiveness: respond to changes in our environment i.e.: pull hand away from hot surface 2) Growth: an increase in the size & # of cells over our lifetime As cells multiply, they differentiate to perform specific functions

Human Functions (con’t) 3) Reproduction: creates new generations of humans Male sperm cell + female egg cell fuse to form zygote → new human baby 4) Movement: may be internal (circulating blood) or external (walking to class) 5) Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that occur in the body i.e.: respiration, hormone release, neuron signals

“Anatomy” vs. “Physiology” The structure of an organism and the functions it performs are inseparable “Anatomy”= structure Includes both the internal & external parts and the relationship between them “Physiology”= function How an organism performs the vital processes of life

Anatomy: a closer look Anatomy is studied on 2 levels: A) Gross Anatomy: (“macroscopic”) includes large structures on surface within a certain region, or entire organ systems B) Microscopic Anatomy: requires magnification to view Includes molecules, cells, and tissues

Physiology: a closer look Human physiology can be divided into 4 categories: A) Cell: includes chemical processes within and among cells B) Special: studies specific organs (i.e.: heart, kidney, brain) C) Systemic: studies entire organ systems (i.e.: circulatory, urinary) D) Pathological: studies effects of disease on organs or organ systems

Pg.7 Add on To Concept Map Organ Systems 11 organ systems are categorized according to their major function Some organs may belong to 2+ organ systems (i.e. male urethra) A) Protection, Support, Movement 1) Integumentary System 2) Skeletal System 3) Muscular System B) Internal Communication & Integration 4) Nervous System 5) Endocrine System

Pg. 7Concept Map Organ Systems (con’t) C) Fluid Transport & Defense 6) Circulatory System 7) Lymphatic System D) Input & Output 8) Respiratory System 9) Urinary System 10) Digestive System E) Reproduction 11) Reproductive System

Pg. 19 Levels of Organization 1) Chemical: atoms & molecules 2) Cellular: molecules combine to form cells & their organelles 3) Tissue: similar cells combine to form tissues 4) Organ: 2+ tissues combine to form organs 5) Organ Systems: interaction of organs designed to perform the same general function 6) Organism: combination of all organ systems within a body (the whole person)

Homeostasis- Pg. 21 “A stable internal environment” Physiological processes must adjust to maintain this Includes: A) Receptors: take in environmental stimuli B) Control Center: receives & processes info from receptors C) Effectors: respond to commands of control center May ↑ or ↓ the effect of the stimulus If body is not able to maintain homeostasis, result is illness or disease

Homeostasis: Negative Feedback- Pg. 21 Any variation that triggers an automatic response that returns the system to homeostasis MOST homeostatic reactions in the body i.e.: Thermoregulation: regulation of body temp by shivering, sweating, etc.

Homeostasis: Positive Feedback- Pg. 21 Initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus Used for potentially dangerous or stressful processes that must be completed quickly i.e.: Blood clotting

Pg. 23 Anatomical Position Standard frame of reference Standing facing forward Feet forward Arms Supine: palms forward Prone: palms rearward **When subject is in proper anatomical position, their Right = your Left

Anatomical Planes Plane: imaginary flat surface passing through body 3 Planes: 1) Sagittal: vertical = L/R Midsagittal: down center Parasagittal: parallel to midsag. 2) Frontal/Coronal: perpendicular to sagittal = front/back 3) Transverse/Horizontal/Cross- Sectional: perpendic. to long axis = top/bottom

Directional Terms Used to describe location of structures in the body May be combined for precision i.e.: dorsolateral = towards back and side May have different meanings in humans b/c of bipedalism i.e.: ventral, anterior, posterior See Table 1-2 p. 19

Anatomical Regions- Pg. 27 I Axial Region Head, Neck, Trunk (thoracic & abdominal regions) Abdominal Region further divided into: 4 Quadrants OR 9 Regions II Appendicular Region Appendages (limbs) Upper: arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers Lower: thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes

Body Cavities Internal chambers that: A) protect internal organs B) permit changes in size & shape or organs w/out disrupting surrounding organs Most major organs located in the ventral body cavity (“coelom”) Divided into thoracic (upper) and abdominopelvic (lower) cavities by the diaphragm

Body Cavities (con’t) Viscera: internal organs located w/in the ventral body cavities Surrounded by moist internal space Serous Membrane: thin tissue layer that creates a fluid-filled sac around an organ Visceral layer: covers viscera (organ) Parietal layer: lines inner surface of body wall

Thoracic Cavity (upper) Divided into 3 chambers: A) Pericardial Cavity: the heart Serous membrane called pericardium Surrounded by the mediastinum (connective tissue) B) R & L Pleural Cavities: the lungs Serous membrane called pleura

Abdominopelvic Cavity Extends from: Upper Abdomen Contains the liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine to Lower Pelvis Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, distal portion of large intestine Contains Peritoneal Cavity Serous membrane is called peritoneum

Viewing Internal Structures Various technology is employed to view internal body cavities & organs: 1) X-rays: high energy radiation; creates b/w 2-D image 2) CT Scan: single beam of X-rays; creates b/w or color image in 3-D 3) MRI Scan: uses magnetic field to manipulate atoms; creates highly detailed color image 4) Ultrasound: uses high frequency sound waves; low clarity but very safe to use