Slums Ted

UN defines a slum – a heavily populated run down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking tenure security poorest quality housing, and the most unsanitary conditions a refuge for marginal activities including crime, ‘vice’ and drug abuse In developing world - refers to lower quality or informal housing

Characteristics Inadequate access to safe water Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure Poor structural quality of housig Overcrowding Insecure residential status

Why They Exist Rapid rural to urban migration ii)  in urban poverty iii) Inequality iv) Insecure tenure globalization 1 billion (1/7) of the world lives in slums From 1990-2025  in % of people living in slums in developed world (from 47% to 37%) Growth of slums in developing world that by 2030 2 billion people will live in slums

> half of all slum dwellers in developing world are Asian (Pakistani, Indian or Nepalese) world trends

Slum household – a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following: Durable housing of a permanent nature (built on non-hazardous location) that protects against extreme climate conditions Sufficient living space – not more than 3 people sharing the same room Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts and at affordable prices Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions

Durable housing of a permanent nature (built on non-hazardous location) that protects against extreme climate conditions Hazardous location – geologically hazardous zones (earthquake, flood, landslide areas) Garbage mountains High-industrial pollution areas Other high risk zones (railroads, airports, energy transmission lines)

Durability Quality of construction (materials used for walls, floor and roof) Compliance with local building codes, standards and by-laws

Sufficient living space – not more than 3 people sharing the same room Room defined as space in housing unit/living quarters enclosed by walls, reaching the floor to the ceiling/roof Height at list two meters (areas 4 m2)

iii) Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts and at affordable prices Affordable – should take up < 10% of family income Sufficient amounts – at least 20 litres per person per day Easy Access – less than one hour per day

Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people Facilities should be shared by on 2 households Septic system should have sufficient capacity in order not to be clogged

v) Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions Member of household owns housing unit Member of household rents all or part of housing unit Member of household rents all or part of housing unit as main tenant or subtenant

Not all slums are the same and not all slum dwellers face same degree of deprivation Degree of deprivation depends on how many of the 5 conditions re prevalent within a slum household ~1/5 (20%) of slum households live in extreme poverty (lacking more than 3 shelter needs)

Traditionally – slums are hosing areas that were once respectable – even – desirable – deteriorated after original dwellers moved on to new and better parts of the citySouth Central LA Detroit

Today slums include informal settlements Becoming most visible manifestations of urban poverty in developing world cities Jakarta Argentina Bangkok Portugal Belgrade Haiti

Favelas – Brazil Barrados – Peru Barriors – Venezuela Villas Miseria/villa de emergencia – Argentina Champerios – EL Salvador Slums – N. America & Europe Shanty town – Africa, New Zealand, Caribbean Rookery – England Kampongs - Indonesia Bidonvilles – Francophone countries Informal Settlements Squatter Settlements

2 broad types of slums Slums of hope (on the rise) Newer, self-built structures Been through a process of development, consolidation & improvement Usually illegal (squatters) Kenya Slums of Despair Declining neighbourhoods – environrmental conditions & services process of decay Cleveland Dying City Sacremento

Traditionally slums housing areas that were once respectable – even – desirable – deteriorated after original dwellers moved on to new and better parts of the city Hooverville Bushville Toronto's Tenty City