 Altruism vs. Prosocial behavior  Why do people help? Or not help?  s/world_news-europe/ s/world_news-europe/  2-p9Q 2-p9Q  Do animals show prosocial behavior?

 Kin altruism/inclusive fitness  Direct reciprocity  Indirect reciprocity  Signaling theory  Group selection theory/genetic/group selection  Are these testable?  Are there other explanations for these findings?  What is the ultimate cause of prosocial behavior, according to evolutionary psychologists?

 Negative state relief model—Cialdini  Arousal: cost-reward model—Piliavin  Social learning  Modeling  Norms: reciprocity, fairness

 When do we help according to this model?  Batson paradigm  Aversive-arousal reduction, empathy-specific punishments, empathy-specific rewards, empathic joy, negative state-relief, feelings of oneness (Cialdini)  Benefits of altruism?  Costs of altruism?  How to measure/ manip. empathy

 Penner Prosocial Personality Battery ◦ Ascription of responsibility ◦ Empathic concern ◦ Perspective taking ◦ Personal distress ◦ Other-oriented reasoning ◦ Mutual-concern reasoning ◦ Helpfulness  Gender  Genetic basis

 Women  Similar others  In group members  More attractive people

 See Table 2: /Levine%20et%20al%20helping.pdf /Levine%20et%20al%20helping.pdf  Cultural differences in 3 situations  More per capita purchasing power, less helping  Hispanic countries tended to be higher  NO relationship to individualism/collectivism  What do Keltner et al. say about cultural differences in helping?

 Population density ◦ Why?  Time pressure (Samaritan study)  Bystander intervention ◦ Notice ◦ Interpret as emergency ◦ Assume responsibility ◦ Know how to act ◦ Act

 Latané & Rodin results   intervening% pairs intervening  Alone7091   w/Confederate714   Two strangers2340   Two friends4570  Social influence  Audience inhibition  Diffusion of responsibility  context=C3476ef2UDOEgsToPDskISJjYGpPomMBNuGB34GTlt context=C3476ef2UDOEgsToPDskISJjYGpPomMBNuGB34GTlt

 ConditionProcessHelp rate (In %)  AloneNone95%  No contactDR 84%  Seen by otherDR & AI73%  See other personDR & SI73%  See and be seenDR,AI,SI50%

 Latané, Harton, Bourgeois, Rockloff, etc. ConditionProcess AloneNone Back to BackDR Participant faces the confederate’s back SI + DR Confederate faces the participant’s back AI + DR Face to faceSI + AI + DR Experimental conditions

 Percentage helping

 Comments on the model/article?  What are advantages/disadvantages to the model?  M * (D * (1+B self ) + K * B recip – C inact ) > C action  When does it say people will help?  Table 1  How can we tell who will help us later?  Is prosocial behavior “contagious”?  Is game theory a good way to investigate prosocial behavior?

 How do the authors suggest that PB may be related to biology?

 What leads people to volunteer?  Differences by country

 Don’t force it  Give kids a reason for behaviors  Say “you’re helpful”  Be a good parent/model positive behaviors  JU JU  Prosocial tv and video games  Educate about effects  Prime being watched or a higher power  Other ways?

 History   What is it?

 What is happiness? How is it operationally defined?  What is happiness made up of?  What things make us happy?  Why don’t other things we think would make us happy work?  Why don’t life circumstances matter more?  Can we make ourselves happier?  What are moderators of happiness interventions and why do they work?

 Should governments measure/care about SWB?  What factors are related to more happiness in a country?  How does the US do on those?  How can SWB be used in policy? Should it be?

 What is the relationship between income and SWB?  When do we/do we not adapt?  Should we be really happy or just fairly happy?  Is happiness always a good thing?  What does knowing about national happiness do for us?  What is cause vs. effect? (does money cause happiness or happiness, money?)

 Please imagine a ladder with steps numbered from zero at the bottom to 10 at the top.  The top of the ladder represents the best possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible life for you.  On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you stand at this time? (ladder-present)  On which step do you think you will stand about five years from now? (ladder-future)

 happiness/ happiness/   du/ du/