The League The UN Health Organisations ILO Mandates Commission Disarmament Commission Refugee Organisations WHO ILO FAO UNESCO UNICEF Agencies of the League and the UN

The League – Health Organisation Key Features  One aim of League ‘prevention and control of disease’  Set up to tackle diseases like malaria, typhus & leprosy  Introduced use of radiation to treat cancer  Worked with other international agencies

The UN - WHO Key features  Created in 1948  Helped develop vaccines, eg. Against influenza  Led campaigns against malaria and AIDS  1980 – eradicated smallpox  Helped in crises  1947 – drugs to Egypt – cholera epidemic  Death rate fell from 85% to 50% & stopped spread of disease  1960 – Congo – sent 160 doctors

The League - ILO Key features  Set up to improve working conditions around the world  Met annualy – discuss pay, hours, trade union rights  Each member sent 2 delegates – one from employers, one from workers  No power to enforce will  First director – Albert Thomas – use League to prod members  Minimum working age of 15, introduced by many members  Danger of lead paint widely publiscised  Membership open – even USA joined  Became part of UN in 1945

The UN - ILO Key features  Set up in 1946  Continued to meet in Geneva  1969 – won Nobel Peace Prize  1992 – set up International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) – end child labour in 88 countries  2008 – spent over $60 million

The League – Mandates Commission Key features  Defeated powers lost colonies after WW1  Turkey also lost parts of Empire  Covenant – ‘member states should be ‘mandated’ to govern these territories’ on behalf of League  Britain, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Australia and Japan main mandatory powers  Should be given independence as soon as possible  Very slow  Only Iraq gained independence in 1939 – some had to wait until 1990s!

The UN - FAO Key Features  Set up in 1943, part of UN in 1945  Based in Rome  1994 – campaign against crop diseases and pests  Boosted harvest in Asia ad eliminated rinderpest  1996 – World Food Summit  112 states signed Rome Declaration to halve numbers in hunger by 2015  By 2000 – annual budget of $345 million – not always well spent  Criticised for spending too much on bureauacracy

The League - Disarmament Commission Key features  Disappointing  Aim – all members to disarm but nothing happened  Set up ‘military commission’ to advise members on disarmament – little success  Replaced by ‘Temporary Mixed Commission’ – military and civilian members – no progress  World Disarmament Conferences  1926 – could not even agree what armaments were  1932 – discussed rearmament in Germany. In 1934 Germany left and rearmed anyway (Hitler)

The League - Disarmament Commission Key features  Some successes  1921 – a few members agreed to limit navies – USA, Japan, Britain and France  Locarno Pact (1925) and Kellogg Briand Pact (1928) reduced tensions Not work of the League – League criticised

The UN - UNESCO Key features  Based in Paris  Set up in 1946 to gain peace through education and culture  Aims – ‘since wars begin in the minds of men, it is there that peace must be built’  Actions  1948 – reccommended all members adopt free, compulosry primary education  1972 – established 900 World Heritage Sites  However… not always well run  UK (1997) and USA (2003) left for a while claiming waste of funds Both returned after reforms

The League – Refugee Organisations Key features  Many refugees after WW1  Commission for Refugees set up, led by Nansen  Improved conditions in refugee camps  Helped prisoners of war and refugees return home or re-settle  1925 – helped 40,000 Armenian refugees fleeing from Turkey to resettle in Lebanon and Syria  Nansen died in 1930, but agency got Nobel Peace Prize in 1938

The UN - UNICEF Key features  Set up in 1946 – temporary measure to help chidren suffering after World War 2  1953 – became permanent  Aims to tackle Poverty for children Illness for children Lack of education  Achievements  1979 – Year of the Child – highlight children’s problems  1980 – vaccinating 280 million children against tuberculosis and 32 million against malaria

The UN - UNICEF Key features  Huge success  Body relies entirely on voluntary donations from governments and people  1965 – won Nobel Peace Prize  2006 – annual income $2.7 billion