Unit 1 Matter “If we all did the things we are capable of doing, we would literally astound ourselves.” Thomas A. Edison

Matter: Has mass Takes up space

Matter: Has mass Takes up space Does include: Does not include: Airgravity the Statue of LibertyLiberty Love lettersLove Light bulbsLight Vacuum cleanersVacuum

Phases of matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Phases of matter Solid Liquid Gas …best defined on substances— mixtures are harder to classify.

Phases of matter VolumeShape SolidDefinite LiquidDefiniteIndefinite GasIndefinite

Phases of matter Solid Liquid Gas …and plasma?

Phases of matter Solid Liquid Gas …and plasma? Plasma is an ionized gas.  Electrons are removed from atoms by high temperature or high voltage.  Chemists don’t do much with plasma. Leave it to the physicists.

Properties You can describe a sample of matter by describing its properties. Chemical properties describe the types of chemical reactions it can undergo. Physical properties are all other properties.

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A mixture can be separated using physical changes. (no new substances are formed) A substance cannot.

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound.

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element is composed of identical atoms A compound is composed of atoms of different elements chemically bonded together

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element can be a metal or a nonmetal

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element can be a metal or a nonmetal Metals are on the left of the periodic chart Nonmetals are on the right

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element can be a metal or a nonmetal A compound is either ionic or covalent

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element can be a metal or a nonmetal A compound is either ionic or covalent An ionic compound has a metal and a nonmetal — an ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons A covalent compound has nonmetal atoms only —covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element can be a metal or a nonmetal A compound is either ionic or covalent A mixture is either homogeneous or heterogeneous

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element can be a metal or a nonmetal A compound is either ionic or covalent A mixture is either homogeneous or heterogeneous A homogeneous mixture is called a solution—has the same composition throughout A heterogeneous mixture has chunks.

Types of Matter All matter is either a substance or a mixture of substances A substance is either an element or a compound. An element can be a metal or a nonmetal A compound is either ionic or covalent A mixture is either homogeneous or heterogeneous

Types Matter

Types Matter Substance Mixture

Types Matter Substance Mixture CompoundElement

Types Matter Substance Mixture CompoundElement MetalNonmetal

Types Matter Substance Mixture CompoundElement MetalNonmetal Ionic Molecular

Types Matter Substance Mixture CompoundElement Heterogeneous Homogeneous MetalNonmetal Ionic Molecular

Types Matter Substance Mixture CompoundElement Heterogeneous Homogeneous MetalNonmetal Ionic Molecular

What type of matter? barium air chlorine gas tin (II) chloride sulfur dioxide water Gatorade wood solid sulfur salt water nitrogen gas nitrogen dioxide nitrous oxide iron tossed salad alphabet soup copper stainless steel sodium oxide silver (I) oxide gold 18k gold barium sulfide brass syrup ammonia sulfuric acid ozone rubber

Formal Lab Writeup --Must be typed/printed Label the sections Title: Purpose: Procedure: Data/observations: Calculations/analysis: Conclusion:

Particles A substance has identical particles. A mixture doesn’t. Particles (atoms, ions, and molecules) are different for different types of substances. Particles can be separated from each other by physical means, but can be changed only by chemical reactions

Particles Ionic compounds - Covalent compounds Elements

Particles Ionic compounds are composed of ions. (One set of ions with balanced charges is called a formula unit) Covalent compounds are composed of molecules Elements --atoms —for metals and noble gasses --molecules —for other nonmetals

What type of particles? barium air chlorine gas tin (II) chloride sulfur dioxide water Gatorade wood solid sulfur salt water nitrogen gas nitrogen dioxide nitrous oxide iron tossed salad alphabet soup copper stainless steel sodium oxide silver (I) oxide gold 18k gold barium sulfide brass syrup ammonia sulfuric acid ozone rubber

Physical properties melting point boiling point vapor pressure shape luster size of particles crystal structure hardness brittleness malleability ductility pressure density color volatility state temperature conductivity magnetism volume solubility mass

Intensive vs. Extensive melting point boiling point vapor pressure shape luster size of particles crystal structure hardness brittleness malleability ductility pressure density color volatility state temperature conductivity magnetism volume solubility mass

Intensive vs. Extensive melting point boiling point vapor pressure shape ? luster size of particles crystal structure hardness brittleness malleability ductility pressure ? density color volatility state temperature conductivity magnetism volume solubility mass

How would you separate… A mixture can be separated into its components by physical means. A compound can be separated into simpler substances by chemical means only

How would you separate… …the two components of saltwater? Contents: Salt and water!

How would you separate… The salt and water can be separated from each other by evaporating or boiling off the water, leaving the salt The hydrogen and oxygen in the water or the sodium and chlorine in the salt can be separated by chemical reaction only.

Let us take a moment…

…to jeer at anyone who claims you can separate the hydrogen from the oxygen in water by boiling it.

Let us take a moment… …to jeer at anyone who claims you can separate the hydrogen from the oxygen in water by boiling it. Boiling changes the state of the liquid to a gas—state is a physical property, so boiling is a physical change!

How would you separate… …answers might include… Vaporizing Sorting Distilling Dissolving Liquefying Filtering Freezing…. …all physical changes

How would you separate… 1)A solution of alcohol and water? 2)Mud (water and silt)? 3)A mixture of chalk dust and water? 4)A mixture of chalk dust and powdered sugar? 5)Beans and rice? 6)Ripe and unripe tomatoes? 7)The carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide?

Chemical Reactions When a chemical reaction occurs new substances are formed!

For example Water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen gas (by chemical means only!) We write: H 2 O  H 2 + O 2

For example Water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen gas (by chemical means only!) We write: H 2 O  H 2 + O 2 “forms” “and”

For example Water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen gas (by chemical means only!) We write: H 2 O  H 2 + O 2 Or, better yet 2 H 2 O  2 H 2 + O 2

For example 2 H 2 O  2 H 2 + O 2 The water is gone The new hydrogen and oxygen gasses have new chemical and physical properties

Watch

2 H 2 O  2 H 2 + O 2

2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2 (hydrogen peroxide forms water & oxygen gas)

2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2 (hydrogen peroxide forms water & oxygen gas)

2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2 (hydrogen peroxide forms water & oxygen gas) 2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2

First rule of reactions! Matter is neither created, nor destroyed. The mass before the reaction is the same as the mass after the reaction

First rule of reactions! Matter is neither created, nor destroyed. The mass before the reaction is the same as the mass after the reaction This is called the law of conservation of mass

2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2 ReactantsProducts

2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2 (hydrogen peroxide forms water & oxygen gas) ReactantsProducts

2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2 (hydrogen peroxide forms water & oxygen gas) ReactantsProducts

Same atoms = same mass (hydrogen peroxide forms water & oxygen gas) ReactantsProducts