Dynamics of Care in Society Non-Communicable Disease Transition to Infectious Disease

Medical illnesses include: - cancer, - body system illnesses (ex: neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, uro-genital, respiratory, metabolic, gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune diseases (in which the body’s immune system attacks itself) - infectious (aka communicable aka contagious - transferred from one living thing to another) DISEASE TYPES Ex: Breast cancer, Parkinson’s Disease, Congestive Heart failure, Cystitis, Emphysema, Diabetes, GERD, Lupus, Influenza…

 Injury: aka harm or hurt may be applied in medicine to damage inflicted upon oneself, or by an external agent. It may be accidental or deliberate. Includes wounds or trauma. Ex: from falls, accidents, crimes…

 Diseases Present at Birth Genetic Disorder- the disease comes from a mutation, or harmful change, in a gene inherited from one or both parents. Ex: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia Birth Defect- disorders of the developing and newborn baby, it may be structural or functional, cause is often unknown, some may be the result of exposure of the mother to rubella or alcohol during pregnancy Ex: cleft palate, spinal bifida In most cases there are no cures

 Mental illnesses (disease or disorder): Any of various psychiatric conditions, usually characterized by impairment of an individual's normal cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, and caused by physiological or psychosocial factors.

Degenerative Diseases Cause further breakdown, or degeneration in body cells and tissues as they progress Chronic Diseases Are present either continuously or off and on over a long period of time May develop as a result of a person’s lifestyle behaviors or substances in a person’s environment

Diseases Resulting from Lifestyle Behaviors Risk Factors are certain characteristics that increase a person’s chances of developing the disease. Many diseases are the direct or indirect result of harmful lifestyle behaviors. Healthful lifestyle behaviors, on the other hand, can help prevent or control certain diseases and disorders.

Diseases Caused by the Environment Many diseases are caused by hazards in the environment Examples of harmful substances that may be present in the environment: Fumes for chemicals, second hand smoke, radon, asbestos

Non-communicable Diseases are caused by how people live, conditions they are born with, or environmental hazards. are not spread by contact because most are not caused by germs. they are the breakdown in body cells and tissues.

Heart Disease Heart disease is the #1 killer of adults in the US! The term heart disease includes any condition that lessens the strength or function of the heart or blood vessels. Healthy lifestyle behaviors lower risk of heart disease

Atherosclerosis- condition in which fatty substances (ex- cholesterol) in the blood are deposited on the walls of the arteries Cholesterol- a fatty substance that causes that causes atherosclerosis, some cholesterol is produced by the body, certain foods also contain cholesterol Arteriosclerosis- hardening of the arteries. Slows flow of blood and is a major cause of high blood pressure. A blood clot may result from the reduced flow of blood. When the flow of blood is reduced, blood clots may form within the blood vessels. When a coronary artery is blocked, the result can be a heart attack Heart Attack animation here 2:37 Heart Attack animation here 2:37 Heart Attack animation here Heart Attack animation here.

Hypertension Blood Pressure- force of the blood on the inside walls of the blood vessels. Typical blood pressure for teens is 110/70 Your blood pressure is not the same at all times. It may increase while exercising or under stress and my lower when at rest. Hypertension (high blood pressure)- when the blood pressure is consistently higher then normal. There are no outward signs of Hypertension AKA High Blood Pressure (the Silent Killer) until it has caused serious damage. 4 factors that increase your chances of having high blood pressure Eating a large amount of salt Being overweight Feeling extreme stress for long periods of time Having a family history of high blood pressure

Preventing Heart Disease 9 Risk Factors for Heart Disease Not within a person’s control: Age Gender Race Family history Within a person’s control: Weight Exercise Diet Tobacco Try this Cardiac Risk Factors Cardiac Risk Factors

Treating Heart Disease Surgery/procedures Heart Transplant- replacing diseased heart with healthy heart from a donor Bypass Surgery- remove a vein from the leg and form a detour around the blockage Dissolving Blood Clots- medications are used to dissolve the clots Angioplasty Medication Changing Lifestyle Behaviors

Preventing Heart Disease Manage STRESS Exercise Low fat, Healthy Diet Maintain a Healthy Weight Avoid Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs

Cancer 2 nd leading cause of death in adults in the US What is Cancer? Involves abnormal body cells growing out of control. Many different types of cancers that affect most parts of the body. Tumors (groups of abnormal cells) Benign Tumor are not cancerous Malignant Tumor cancerous Cancer progresses in stages. The spreading of cancer cells is called metastasis. In the final stage, cancer cells from malignant tumors may enter the bloodstream or lymph system and travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors.

Cancer What Causes Cancer? Factors that are inherited Lifestyle behaviors Carcinogens- substances that cause cancer, some can be avoided Diagnosing Cancer The earlier cancer is detected the better the chance of the person’s survival. an be Diagnosed through Routine Physical Examination Blood Tests Biopsy- small piece of tissue is removed for testing in a lab

Cancer Warning Signs of Cancer There are 7 warning signs of cancer identified by the American Cancer Society Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness

Cancer Treatment of Cancer Surgery- remove cancer cells from the body Radiation- X-rays, or other radioactive substances are aimed at a tumor Chemotherapy- chemicals are used to destroy cancer cells All three can damage healthy cells with the cancer cells. Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat one cancer may themselves cause a second cancer years later.

Preventing Cancer You can lower you risk of developing some types of cancer by making certain healthy choices. Avoid Tobacco And other Carcinogens Eat Healthy Limit Sun Exposure

Diabetes Disease that prevents the body from converting food into energy Affects people of all ages About 16 million people in the US have diabetes Causes: heredity, lifestyle leading to problems with the production of the hormone insulin Insulin- regulates level of glucose in the blood Symptoms: excess production of urine, excess thirst, excess hunger, weight loss, shortness of breath, dry itchy skin, lack of energy

If left untreated it can lead to

Type I Diabetes The result of little or no insulin produced by the pancreas Must always take insulin to maintain life (insulin- dependent) usually develops in children and young adults affects more males than females Type II Diabetes Result of insufficient insulin produced by the pancreas or the inability to use insulin 90% of all diabetes cases are type II Develops in people who are overweight and usually more than 40 years old take a medicine that helps them use the insulin their body makes

CVA (cerebrovascular accident) aka stroke A brain attack cutting off blood flow & oxygen to the brain 3 rd leading cause of death in US and leading cause of long term disability 2 types: Ischemic: results when arteries are blocked by blood clots (most common) Hemorrhagic: blood vessel bursts & results in bleeding in the brain

FAST for recognizing & responding to stroke Causes – similar to those for heart disease Treatment – medicines (clot busters, blood thinners, rehabilitation, lifestyle changes…)

Obesity Obesity is an excess proportion of total body fat. Causes – age, gender, genetics, medication, environment, psychological factors, physical activity, medical illness Morbid obesity is characterized by an individual weighing more than 100 pounds over their ideal body weight, or having a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher.

Managing obesity: start a weight-management program change eating habits (eat slowly, develop a routine) plan meals and make better food selections (eat less fatty foods, avoid junk and fast foods) control portions and consume less calories I Like to Move it I Like to Move it increase physical activity (especially walking) and have a more active lifestyle I Like to Move it I Like to Move it know what your child eats at school eat meals as a family instead of while watching television or at the computer do not use food as a reward limit snacking Let’s Move It Campaign Let’s Move It Campaign attend a support group (e.g., Overeaters Anonymous) Let’s Move It Campaign Let’s Move It Campaign

Allergies An allergy is the body’s sensitivity to certain substances. In some cases the immune system reacts to substances to which a person is sensitive. In response to allergens the body releases histamines (chemicals in the body that cause the symptoms of the allergic reaction)

Symptoms Difficulty Breathing Skin rash Hives- raised bumps on the skin that are very itchy Anaphylaxis: is a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic response that is marked by swelling, hives, lowered blood pressure, and dilated blood vessels. In severe cases, a person will go into shock. If anaphylactic shock isn't treated immediately, it can be fatal

Treating Allergies Antihistamines- medications that work against the effect of the histamines Avoiding allergens & triggers Exposing the allergic person to extremely small quantities of the allergen to build immunity to it

Asthma Asthma- a serious chronic condition that causes tiny air passages in the respiratory system to become narrow or blocked.

Common Triggers of Asthma Exposure to allergens Cold air Cigarette smoke Air pollution Certain foods or drugs Strenuous Activity

Treatments Relaxation Techniques Medication Some block swelling in the bronchial tubes and decrease the amount of mucus being produced. Others, called bronchodilators, are used to relax the muscles that have tightened around the airways.

Lets play disease jeopardy Lets play disease jeopardy