Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad, 1912–1916

I. The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912 Republicans nominate Howard Taft Progressives (Bull Moose) = Theodore Roosevelt – New Nationalism philosophy Favored continued consolidation of trusts & labor unions Increased regulatory agencies in Washington Campaigned for woman suffrage & more social welfare Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson – New Freedom program Called for stronger antitrust legislation Banking reform Tariff reduction

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II. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 1912 Election returns Wilson(D)TR(P) Taft(R) Electoral Popular 6,296,547 4,118,571 3,484,720 – Democrats won a majority in Congress – Socialists (Debs) won ~6% of vote (900,672 votes) Progressivism was the real winner

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III. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics The second Democratic president since 1861 Believed in self-determination and in the masses Wilson’s burning idealism – Desired to reform ever-present wickedness – His moral righteousness made compromise – He had a strong and inflexible personaility

IV. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Wilson’s attacked “the triple wall of privilege” – The tariff, the banks, and the trusts – Announced in 1 st State of the Union address The Underwood Tariff – Appealed to the people – And ‘public opinion’ worked He secured late in 1913 final approval of the bill he wanted Provided for a substantial reduction of rates In 1916 the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified – Income tax would replace tariffs

IV. Wilson Tackles the Tariff (cont.) – The Underwood Tariff: When challenged by lobbyists, – Wilson promptly issued a combative message to the people urging them to hold their elected representatives in line Public opinion worked: – He secured late in 1913 final approval of the bill he wanted Provided for a substantial reduction of rates: Land mark in tax legislation: – By the ratified Sixteenth Amendment—Congress enacted a graduated income tax beginning with a moderate levy over $3,000 – By 1917 revenue from the income tax shot ahead of revenue from the tariffs.

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V. Wilson Battles the Bankers Banks had a antiquated & inadequate system – Developed during the Civil War – The Aldrich report recommended Third Bank of the United States with branches The Federal Reserve Act (1913) – Federal Reserve Board appointed by POTUS Oversee a nationwide system of 12 reserve districts The board could issue ‘paper money’ – Able to get nation through WWI ( ) – Created a modern banking system Like other developed nations

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VI. The President Tames the Trusts Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) – Investigated unfair trade practices Unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery The Clayton Anti-Trust (1914) – Made illegal price discrimination and interlocking directorates (holding companies) – Conferred long-overdue benefits on labor: Exempted labor/agricultural workers from anti-trust laws Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing

VII. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide The Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) Highway construction, agricultural extension La Follette Seaman’s Act (1915) The Workingmen’s Compensation Act (1916) – For federal civil-service employees The Adamson Act (8 hour workday)(1916) Reformer Louis D. Brandeis to SCOTUS Wilson didn’t try to improve treatment of blacks

VIII. New Directions in Foreign Policy Wilson against imperialism and dollar diplomacy The Jones Act (1916) – Promised Philippines independence when stable His Japanese situation (1913) – Law prohibited Japanese from owning land – Feds encouraged loophole to lease land for 3 years The Haiti political situation ( ) – Political rebellion, cruel dictator killed – Wilson dispatched marines (for 19 years) Dominican Republic (1916) – Under American control for next 18 years U.S. bought Virgin Islands from Denmark (1917)

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IX. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Mexican revolution (1913) – Increased immigration to the U.S. – U.S. sent weapons The Tampico Incident (1914) – U.S. sailors captured, released, but not saluted War avoided by negotiations “Pancho” Villa attacks Americans – In Mexico and New Mexico (Jan – Feb 1916) – General John J. (“Black Jack”) Pershing Leads invasion of Mexico and attacked Villa troops

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X. Thunder Across the Sea Europe’s ‘powder keg’ explodes – Francis Ferdinand (A-H heir to throne) assassinated – An explosive chain reaction followed A-H, Serbia, Russia, Germany, France, GB at war Central Powers vs The Allies: Americans thankful for oceans to separate us – America felt strong, snug, smug, and secure But not for long.

XI. A Precarious Neutrality – Both sides wooed the United States The British enjoyed: – Cultural, linguistic, and economic ties with America – The advantage of controlling the transatlantic cables The Germans and the Austro-Hungarians – Had fewer, but more recent immigrants in the U.S. Most Americans – Were anti-German from the outset, tool autocratic – Heavily influenced b y British propaganda – Upset b/c German spy left sabotage plans on el (1915) – Earnestly hoped to stay out of the horrible war

XII. America Earns Blood Money 1914 U.S. business in a worrisome recession – British and French war orders helped business Germany U-boat blockade of Grt Brit (1915) – Tried not to sink neutral ships – Lusitania sank, US passengers, 4200 cases of ammo President’s Wilson’s Sussex ultimatum – Don’t sink passenger/merchant ships w/o warning AKA = restricted submarine warfare Germany accepts Sussex pledge – With a few differences

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XIII. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Wilson renominated by Democrats – “He kept us out of the war” – Wilson never said we would not gol to war Progressives nominated Theodore Roosevelt – T.R. refuses to run Republicans nominated Tcharles Evans Hughes – Many wanted TR, ‘Old guard’ bitter about 1912 – Against lower tariff, trust attacks, Mexico & Germany 1916 election results – Wilson wins 277 to 254 in the Electoral College – Wilson wins popular vote 9,127,695 to 8,533,507

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United States presidential election in California, 1916 [1] [1] PartyCandidateVotesPercentage Electoral votes Democratic Woodrow Wilson 466, %13 Republican Charles Evans Hughes 462, %0 Socialist Allan L. Benson 42, %0 Prohibition J. Franklin Hanley 27, %0 No partyWrite-ins %0 Invalid or blank votes— Totals999, %13 Voter turnout— voted for the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson, over the Republican nominee, Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes.DemocraticincumbentWoodrow WilsonRepublicanAssociate JusticeCharles Evans Hughes Results[edit]edit

Woodrow Wilson (D) Charles Hughes (R)

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