UNIT 1, CHAPTER 4 VOCABULARY ANCIENT GREECE 1900-133 B.C. WORLD HISTORY UNIT 1, CHAPTER 4 VOCABULARY ANCIENT GREECE 1900-133 B.C.

geography Crete the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean Sparta an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; seized more land when needed Athens the capital and largest city of Greece; enemy of Sparta Thebes an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC Macedonia an ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered Greece and the Persian empire in the 300s BC Mount Olympus the highest mountain in Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed many of their gods and godessess lived Minoan Civilization a civilization that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete

Greek Gods on Mt. Olympus--Can you identify them?

philosophy Philosophy an organized system of thought Epicureanism philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life Socratic Method a method of teaching by question and answer

government Polis a city state Democracy A government by the rule of the many Oligarchy a political system governed by a few people ephors a group of five men who were elected each year and were responsible for the education of the youth and conduct of the citizens Direct Democracy system of government in which people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters

EPHORS MEANS “ELDERS”--The hemeredrome, Pheidippides, implores the Spartan ephors for aid at Marathon.

war Delian League Pact joined in by Athenians and other Greeks to continue the war with Persia Hoplites heavily armed infantry soldiers or foot soldiers Phalanx a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields Helots Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.

Macedonian phalanx

people Solon a reform-minded aristocrat Philip II king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC) Alexander the Great son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world Eratosthenes Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun (276-194 BC) Euclid He is the father of geometry and wrote a book explaining geometry (the Elements) Archimedes the most famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era Xerxes son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.

Archimedes’ “Screw” was able to draw water upwards using gravity

More people Sophocles Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex Herodotus the ancient Greek known as the father of history Thucydides considered the greatest historian of the ancient world Pythagoras Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem Socrates ancient Athenian philosopher who did not believe in recording anything Plato one of Socrates' students; was considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization Aristotle one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; Student of Plato Pericles Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens’ political and cultural supremacy in Greece

*Remember Socrates taught Plato & Plato taught Aristotle & Aristotle taught Alexander the Great

art & culture Tragedies the first Greek dramas; presented in a trilogy ... serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal Homer ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC) Epic Poem a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

Homer the poet

MISCELLANEOUS (random) terms Acropolis served as a place of refuge during an attack and sometimes came to be a religious center on which temples and public buildings were built Agora served as a place where people could assemble and as a market Age of Pericles a period of classical Athenian and Greek history in which Athens reached its highest power Ostracism procedure used by Athenian assembly in 5th century B.C. to banish a citizen for 10 years without revoking their rights; 6,000 votes were needed for banishment Oracle a sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed the future through a priest or a priestess Oracle of Apollo at Delphi The most famous of Greek oracles

The Acropolis