Public Policy

Domestic – Programs seek to improve the economy, social, and political conditions within a country Foreign – Policies concern other nations, treaties, diplomacy, wars, defense, national security … Policy label depends on its target, not its causes

I. Economic Policy Revenue – taxes Expenditures – Money spent

Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy – Taxing and spending – Budget deficit or surplus, money spent on retirement, health care, education, military – Taxes come from tariffs, income taxes, sales taxes, excise taxes Monetary Policy – Money supply issues – Interest rates, central banks, reserve rates, paper versus specie, bonds, currency issues, inflation or deflation, National debt –

Nationalization vs. Privatization – Shock Therapy, Russia Development Policy Infrastructure – Roads, bridges, RR, electricity, energy, and communications Private Sector incentives – Subsidies, tax breaks, deregulation

Regulatory Policy Rules and limits placed on business or individuals Set standards for products Require disclosures Anti-monopoly laws Environmental laws Energy laws – Iran’s nuclear energy program Civil Rights laws – Women in Iran Regulatory Capture

Trade Policy Tariffs – Tax on imports Quotas on imports – Sets limits on foreign products can buy Free Trade Agreements – NAFTA

II. Social Welfare Policies Programs that affect standard of living, not just for the poor Includes education, healthcare, antipoverty, pensions

Old Age- Retirement Many countries implemented around the Great Depression, WWII Most give a state pension, a monthly payment US called social security Harder for MDCs with declining birthrates and longer life spans One Child Rule in China is putting pressure on this system

Health Care Policy Costs are going up, especially with aging populations Often little access in rural areas UK- Beveridge report after WWII, government health care created National Health Service (NHS) Free, universal health care

Antipoverty Policies Programs to help the poor Redistributive of wealth in a society Often comes from progressive taxation PROGRESA in Mexico

Education Policy Issues 1.Degree of centralization 2.Level of opportunities made available to the general population 3.Higher Education’s admittance policies and access issues 4.Does the system indoctrinate its citizens in political ideas, like Communist doctrine in the former Soviet Union

Identity-Related Policies Citizenship – Naturalization – Dual citizenship Immigration – Who is allowed to visit and for how long? Integration – Affirmative Action

Policy Making Bureaucracies implement Mix of legislatures and executives create policy Elections alert politicians that policies are not working Referendums can be a public input on an issue In some nations, parties disagree with the nature of the level of government involvement in the economy and societal issues

Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 1.D 2.A 3.A

Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A

Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.E 10.B 11.D 12.B

Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.E 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.C

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.C

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.A, poor Question 8.D 9.B 10.E

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.E 11.E 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.C

Centrifugal (flee the center)-fragment Centripetal (To seek the center)-unify Gini Coeffecient- measures the amount of economic inequality in a nation, the lower the number the more equality, Sweden.26, Mexico.48

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.E 11.E 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.E 19.D 20.B

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.E 11.E 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.E 19.D 20.B

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.E 11.E 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.E 19.D 20.B 21.C 22.A 23.B 24.D 25.E

Answers- Introduction 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.E 11.E 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.E 19.D 20.B 21.C 22.A 23.B 24.D 25.E 26.D 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.E

Secretary Kristi or Claire