Molecular Polarity Molecular Structure

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Molecular Polarity Notes

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Presentation transcript:

Molecular Polarity Molecular Structure Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

+ - Dipole Moment H Cl Direction of the polar bond in a molecule. Arrow points toward the more electronegative atom. H Cl + - Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Determining Molecular Polarity Nonpolar Molecules Dipole moments are symmetrical and cancel out. BF3 F B Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Determining Molecular Polarity Polar Molecules Dipole moments are asymmetrical and don’t cancel . H2O H O net dipole moment Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Determining Molecular Polarity Therefore, polar molecules have... asymmetrical shape (lone pairs) or asymmetrical atoms CHCl3 H Cl net dipole moment Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Dipole Moment Nonpolar Polar C O O O H H .. Bond dipoles In H2O the bond dipoles are also equal in magnitude but do not exactly oppose each other. The molecule has a nonzero overall dipole moment. C O O .. Overall dipole moment = 0 O Bond dipoles Nonpolar H H The overall dipole moment of a molecule is the sum of its bond dipoles. In CO2 the bond dipoles are equal in magnitude but exactly opposite each other. The overall dipole moment is zero. Overall dipole moment Dipole moment, m Polar Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry The Central Science, 2000, page 315

Determining Molecular Polarity Ammonia, NH3

Methane and Chloro-methane

Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide

Polar Bonds .. .. .. F O N H Cl H H H B H H F F Polar Polar Nonpolar Students often confuse electron-domain geometry with molecular geometry. You must stress that the molecular geometry is a consequence of the electron domain geometry. The best arrangement of a given number of electron domains is the one that minimizes the repulsions among them. F F F Cl H Xe C C Cl F F Cl H F F Cl H Polar Nonpolar Nonpolar Polar A molecule has a zero dipole moment because their dipoles cancel one another.