“From Sectionalism to Nationalism”

The Industrial Revolution  Spread from Britain  New sources of power, such as steam, replaced human and animal power  Machines replaced hand tools  Economy shifted from farming to manufacturing  Population shift to cities

Hargreave’s Spinning Jenny, 1764

Factory system  Textile factories came first  Investors lent money (capital) to textile mill owners so they could build their factories. These investors were called capitalists.  Women and children mostly worked in the factories, 12 hrs a day, 6 days a week

Large dams were constructed to harness even more power from the rivers. Shown below is a dam located in Holyoke, Massachusetts. This dam was 1,019 feet long and could generate 30,000 horsepower.

Children in Factories  Boys and girls as young as seven would work 12 hour days in the factories.  They were especially useful for squeezing into the machines to change parts.

One of the spinners in Whitnel Cotton Mill. She was 51 inches high. Has been in the mill one year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides - 48 cents a day. When asked how old she was, she hesitated, then said, "I don't remember," then added confidentially, "I'm not old enough to work, but do just the same."

The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily. The mills seem full of youngsters who "just happened in" or "are helping sister."

Workers Stringing Beans, Baltimore, MD June 7, 1909 National Archives and Records Administration Records of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Children's Bureau

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Eli Whitney  Interchangeable parts, cotton gin

Americans move west  Turnpikes were built with gravel so water would shed off them  Corduroy roads kept wagons from sinking in the mud  Congress approved money for a National Road to be built

Steam transport  Robert Fulton launched the start of steamboat travel with his steamboat The Clermont

Steamboat travel could be dangerous  As steamboat captains raced each other along the river, high-pressure boilers sometimes exploded.  Between 1811 and 1851, 44 steam boats collided, 166 burned, and more than 200 exploded!

Erie Canal - linked the Great Lakes with the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers.

ERIE CANAL SONG I've got a mule, her name is Sal, 15 miles on the Erie Canal She's a good old worker and a good old pal, 15 miles on the Erie Canal We've hauled some barges in our day filled with lumber, coal and hay And we know every inch of the way from Albany to Buffalo. Chorus: Low bridge, everybody down Low bridge for we're coming to a town And you'll always know your neighbor, you'll always know your pal If you've ever navigated on the Erie Canal.

Unity  James Monroe, a Revolutionary war hero, hoped to create a sense of national unity with his “era of good feelings”

Division

The American System  Henry Clay’s idea  High tariffs on imports to protect American manufacturers  The South didn’t like the plan

Supreme Court expanded federal power  McCulloch v Maryland – states couldn’t interfere with federal institutions (like the National Bank)  Gibbons v Ogden – states couldn’t regulate interstate commerce

Adams-Onis Treaty  Spain sold Florida to U.S. for $5 million in 1821

Monroe Doctrine  We would stay out of European affairs.  We would resist any European attempts to gain control of the new Latin American nations.  Britain supported our position…so here begins the long standing tradition of friendship and alliance.