Origins of Physiological Psychology GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Origins of Physiological Psychology Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2015

This presentation has been created for the sole purpose of assisting students enrolled in GPC 126, Physiological Psychology, during the Spring Semester of 2015 at Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus All of the material in the presentation is drawn from the course textbook, Foundations of Physiological Psychology by Neil R. Carlson

Plan for the day 1. Define the field of physiological psychology 2. Review the history of the field 3. Four levels of science

Important and basic definitions

Definition of the field Physiological Psychology is the scientific study of the biological origins of behavior. It is the joining of both psychology and physiology that permits understanding of human behavior; normal and abnormal.

What is behavior? a : the manner of conducting oneself Definition of the field What is behavior? a : the manner of conducting oneself b : anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation c : the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment

How is behavior expressed??? Can I see behavior?? What are the three domains of human behavior?

Is this behavior????

Definition of the field Cognitive behavior Thinking

Definition of the field Affective behavior Feeling

Definition of the field Psycho-Motor behavior Doing

What is normal behavior…..?? Definition of the field What is normal behavior…..??

What is abnormal behavior? Definition of the field What is abnormal behavior?

Definition of the field Physiological psychology (biological psychology, or behavioral neuroscience) is a field of psychology that connects behavior and mental processes to bodily processes, and to the functions and actions of the brain. The brain in turn affects behavior and the mind.

Definition of the field Perhaps the greatest challenge to be faced by scientists is the search for a complete understanding of the human nervous system….it is the search for what makes us human.

Dualism: A belief that the mind and the body are separate things. Definition of Terms Dualism: A belief that the mind and the body are separate things. Monism: A belief all things are matter and energy and the mind is the product of the working of the human nervous system.

Definition of Terms What are we?? Body

Definition of Terms What are we?? Mind

Definition of Terms What are we?? Spirit

For many years scientists have studied the body……. And later we studied the mind….

Now we are studying how they relate to each other……

Relating Brain and Behavior 3 Ways 1. Somatic Intervention 2. Behavioral Intervention 3. Correlation Somatic: Relating to the body….(bedensel?)

Relating Brain and Behavior Somatic Intervention Intervention Behavior Change

Relating Brain and Behavior Behavioral Intervention Behavior Change Brain Affected

Relating Brain and Behavior Correlation Somatic Variables Behavioral variables

Perspectives To understand how brain affects behavior or mental processes we need to look at behavior rather carefully and at many different levels or perspectives. 1.Description of behavior 2.Evolution of behavior 3.Development (ontological) of behavior 4.Mechanisms of behavior 5.Applications of biopsychology to behavior

Description of Behavior 1.We can describe behavior in two ways. First in terms of acts or processes, e.g., description of limb movements carefully photographed at different positions. 2.We can also describe behavior in functional terms, e.g., what was the limb doing when it was going through many positions; so the limb could be involved in walking, running or hopping.

Evolution of Behavior 1. A number of behaviors can be shared by a variety of animals due to common elements of their biology. An earthworm, an eagle and a human all have neurons and thus can have similar tactile sensations.

Evolution of Behavior And yet there are behaviors that are different across species, or even within a specie. Navigation in fruit-eating megabats is based on vision; in microbats, echolocation.

REM: Rapid Eye Movement Development of Behavior (Change in behavior over life span) Behavior changes during development. So the duration of sleep in humans decreases with age. So does REM and Non-REM sleep. REM: Rapid Eye Movement

Electricity or Chemistry Mechanisms of Behavior 1.So what lies underneath this behavior that we study? 2.A variety of biological mechanisms including electrophysiological and biochemical mechanisms. 3.So behaviors like walking, sleeping, making memories, and reproductive behaviors all tend to have these mechanisms for their execution. Electricity or Chemistry

Applications 1.Major goal or application of biological psychology is to improve human health. 2.Research in this field has led to the discovery of many drugs and other techniques that alleviate suffering from such conditions as insomnia, schizophrenia, and depression.

Levels of Analysis 1.This behavior that we have been talking about can be analyzed at many levels. 2.Social level being highest level of all. Each level as we proceed becomes more minute in analysis. Reductionism is an approach that analyzes any phenomenon at more basic levels of analysis.

Levels of Analysis 1.This behavior that we have been talking about can be analyzed at many levels. 2.Social level being highest level of all. Each level as we proceed becomes more minute in analysis. Reductionism is an approach that analyzes any phenomenon at more basic levels of analysis. Social Organ Neural systems level Circuit Cellular Synaptic Molecular

Consciousness defined Consciousness: the fact that we are aware of – and can tell others about – our thoughts, perceptions, memories, and feelings. It is self-awareness.

What are some things that can affect “consciousness? What does it mean to be conscious? How do you know that you are conscious? What are some things that can affect “consciousness?

Anything that significantly changes the structure or chemistry of the brain. 1. Brain damage: Trauma 2. Drugs 3. Fatigue

Language and Memory Consciousness Consciousness and communication are related. The ability to send and receive messages with other people enables us to send and receive our own messages – in other words, to think and to be aware of our own existence. Language and Memory

A brief history of physiological psychology Early Ancestors 1.One million years ago man valued brain, and knew that injury to it caused death. 2.First brain surgery (trephination) took place around 7000 BCE during Neolithic times.

A brief history of physiological psychology Chinese In 2700 BCE, Shen Nung originated acupuncture based on Yin-Yang philosophy. Acupuncture was derived from Taoist traditions that were even older (8,000 years).

A brief history of physiological psychology Ancient Egyptians Called the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, they were first written account of brain in 1700 BCE, based on text that was 3000 BCE old. This account describes 28 cases of brain, skull and spinal injuries.

A brief history of physiological psychology Hippocrates 1.Studied brain injured patients (gladiators), and noted that brain was the seat of our joys, pleasures, sorrows etc. 2.And our sensations and intelligence.

A brief history of physiological psychology Greek Philosophers discussed the mind at length,,,before we can we must define it…. A mind is the term given to the complex of cognitve faculties *abilities) permit: Consciousness Thinking Reasoning Perception Judgment Intelligence Feeling

A brief history of physiological psychology Greek Philosophers Plato correctly identified mind in the brain, however his student Aristotle believed that mind was in the heart, brain to him was merely a radiator to cool the blood.

A brief history of physiological psychology Roman Physician 1. Galen (Jalinoos, 129-199) a prominent Roman surgeon agreed with Hippocrates on brain as the seat of mind. Carried out dissections, and found cerebrum to be soft and cerebellum hard. 2. Also discovered fluid-filled ventricles, which he thought (cerebrospinal fluid) was used to communicate. Aelius Galenus 129-200 ce Galen of Pergamon (Bergama)

A brief history of physiological psychology Ibn Zakariyaal-Razi(Rhazes) a persian physician, criticized Galen on his theory bodily humors. Describes seven cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves in Kitabal-Hawi Fil-Tibb. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 865-925

A brief history of physiological psychology Al-Haytum (Al Hasan) Al-Haytum(Alhazen) wrote a seven volume book on optics called Kitab-al-Manazir. Correctly identified light as an external source for vision and dispelled Empedocles idea of the visual ray. 965-1040ce

A brief history of physiological psychology Al-Zahrawi Al-Zahrawi(Abulcasis) an Arab surgeon from Spain, described several surgical treatments for neurological disorders. Wrote Kitabal-Tasrif, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices. 936-1013

A brief history of physiological psychology Ibn-i-Sina Ibn-i-Sina(Avicenna) also called the Prince of Medicine wrote Al-Qanoonfil-Tibb‘The Canon of Medicine’. In the text he talked about perception, imagination and generation of ideas. 980-1037

A brief history of physiological psychology Rene Descartes Like Plato believed that the mind possessed innate ideas, and proposed mind-body dualism interacting at the pineal gland. Descartes described reflex action, as a basis of understanding behavior from a neuro-scientific view. 1596-1650

Dualism A brief history of physiological psychology The idea that humans are composed of separate parts. Physical Qualities Size Weight Shape Color Motion Mental Qualities Consciousness Perceptual experience Emotional experience Beliefs Desires

A brief history of physiological psychology Reflex Also known as a reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.

A brief history of physiological psychology Nerves 1.Galvani and Bois-Reymond showed that electrical current would twitch muscles, and the brain generated electricity. 2.Bell and Magendies showed spinal roots carried messages in different directions. Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Charles Bell(1774-1842 )Emil Du Bois-Reymond(1818-1896)Francois Magendie(1783-1855)

A brief history of physiological psychology Luigi Aloisio Galvani Italian physician Lived and died in Bologna Italy. 1771 Discovered that the muscles of dead frogs twitched when struck with an electric spark. Bioelectricity 1737-1798

A brief history of physiological psychology Luigi Aloisio Galvani

A brief history of physiological psychology Specific Nerve Energies Muller proposed that the nature of a sensation depends on which sensory fibers stimulated, not on how fibers are stimulated. Johannes Müller (1801-1858)

A brief history of physiological psychology Specific Nerve Energies Muller’s student, Helmholtz measured the speed of nerve conduction as well as researching the physiology of vision and visual perception.. H. Helmholtz (1821-1894)

A brief history of physiological psychology Neuron Doctrine Cajal believed that neurons are separate and communicate through gaps. This came to be known as the neuron doctrine. Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) His pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were original: he is considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience. He was skilled at drawing, and hundreds of his illustrations of brain cells are still used for educational purposes today

A brief history of physiological psychology Synapse Studied reflex action in dogs. Based on his behavioral experiments he inferred about synaptic transmission. Named the gap Cajal pointed out as synapse. Sir Charles Sherrington (1857-1952)

A brief history of physiological psychology Brain Regions Flourens conducted many brain ablation experiments and found that the cerebellum played an important role in coordinated movements. Pierre Flourens (1774-1867) Marie Jean Pierre Flourens was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anaesthesia. Through the study of ablations (small areas of intentional damage) on animals, he was the first to prove that the mind was located in the brain, not the heart.

A brief history of physiological psychology “Skull Bumps” Gall studies skull bumps and proposed modularity of brain. Different parts of brain performed different functions. Franz Gall (1758-1828)

A brief history of physiological psychology Speech Area Broca, studied patient Tan after his death and found an area in the brain that was involved with speech production. Paul Broca (1824-1880)

A brief history of physiological psychology Speech Comprehension Just as Broca had shown speech production area in the brain, Wernicke identified speech comprehension area. Carl Wernicke (1848-1904)

A brief history of physiological psychology Brain Areas Brodmann divided the brain into many distinct areas or regions and delineated their role in behavioral function. Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918)

A brief history of physiological psychology Localization of Function Lashley’s showed that a number of behaviors like learning and memory were not localized in particular regions of the brain. Karl Spencer Lashley (1890–1958)

A brief history of physiological psychology Reward Centers Electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional responses in animals. James Olds (1922-1976) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HbAFYiejvo

A brief history of physiological psychology Electrical Brain Stimulation Canadian Neurosurgeon. Electrically stimulated human brain to localize epileptic foci. Stimulation of specific areas of the brain evoked specific memories. Described sensory and motor cortex in the human brain. Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)

A brief history of physiological psychology Brain Lateralization 1.Sperry carried experiments to discover left and right brain hemispheric specialization. Roger Sperry (1913-1994)

A brief history of physiological psychology

A brief history of physiological psychology Left Brain I am the left brain. I am a scientist. A mathematician. I love the familiar. I categorize. I am accurate. Linear. Analytical. Strategic. I am practical. Always in control. A master of words and language. Realistic. I calculate equations and play with numbers. I am order. I am logic. I know exactly who I am.

A brief history of physiological psychology Right Brain I am the right brain. I am creativity. A free spirit. I am passion. Yearning. Senseulaity. I am the sound of roaring laughter. I am taste. The feeling of sand beneath bare feet. I am movement. Vivid colors. I am the urge to paint on empty canvas. I am boundless imagination. Art. Poetry. I sense. I feel. I am everything I wanted to be.

A brief history of physiological psychology Biology of Memory Neurobiological mechanisms underlying learning and memory in primates. Brain lesions specially designed to study behavioral learning and cognitive memory tasks. Mortimer Mishkin (19??-Present)

A brief history of physiological psychology Koch is promoting the study of consciousness through the use the modern tools of neurobiology.. Christopher Koch (1956-Present) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTS_gvVijxw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMr8bSauaR8

Influenza Control Prediction Four Levels of Science 2. Explanation 1. Description (weak) 2. Explanation Prediction Control (Strong)

Assignment Before next class please watch the following videos. Neurons: How They Work http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5cab4hgmoE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVo04B0_5R4   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4Gt322-XxI

Wile E. Coyote class is over! Harika!!