PIP-II: Why a new accelerator? Paul Derwent Fermilab Community Advisory Board 23 July 2015

First: a little about me Paul Derwent, Scientist in Accelerator Division –B.S. Physics, 1986, University of Notre Dame –M.S., Ph.D. Physics, 1990, University of Chicago –Research Fellow, , University of Michigan –Scientist, Accelerator Division Antiprotons for the Tevatron Collider Accelerator Upgrades in support of NOvA Proton Improvement Plan II –Deputy Project Manager for Accelerator Integration 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?2

Why a new Accelerator? Neutrinos are pretty cool: –most prevalent particles in the universe –lightest particles we know –they change into each other as they fly by –parameters of the oscillations are still not completely understood –been a focus of physics at Fermilab since the beginning first approved proposal (E1A) was to investigate muon production with a high energy broad band neutrino beam! –Current focus on the oscillations: short baseline (detectors on site) and long baseline (detectors in Minnesota and South Dakota) 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?3 3 Nobels in last 30 years: 1988: muon neutrino 1992: discovery of neutrino 2002: cosmic neutrinos

Fermilab Program Goals Fermilab’s goal is to construct & operate the foremost facility in the world for particle physics research utilizing intense beams. Neutrinos –MINOS+, kW multi-MW 10’s kW Muons –Muon kW kW Longer term opportunities  This requires more protons! (and this statement tends to be time invariant) “Upgrade the Fermilab Proton Accelerator Complex to produce higher intensity beams. R&D for the Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) should proceed immediately, followed by construction, to provide proton beams of > 1 MW by the time of the first operation of the new long-baseline neutrino facility” – Recommendation 14, P5 report 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator? 4

Beam Power: What does a MW mean? Power: Energy/time –Standard unit: 1 Watt = 1 Joule / second Beam Energy: usually discussed in GeV/particle –1 GeV = 1 Billion electron Volts –1 electron Volt: energy a particle with unit charge gets when accelerated through a potential of one Volt –1 eV = 1.6 x Joules –120 GeV = 1.92 x Joules –1.2 MW corresponds to 6.25 x particles / second at 120 GeV 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?5

Current Performance 2015: –Average: 430 kW 3.3 x every 1.33 seconds x 0.9 (programmatic) –Peak: WORLD RECORD 520 kW 3.6 x every 1.33 seconds 2016: –expect to reach 620 kW (average), 700 kW (peak) 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?6

Physics goals and Prospects Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) : –Pursue the Physics Associated with Neutrino Mass Metric –kTon MW years kTon: size of detector MW: beam power years: how long it takes –Scale: 500 – 900 kT MW yr LBNF and DUNE: –size of the detector PIP-II –beam power 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?7

Time : Neutrino experiments take time 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?8 Consider several options for how one could reach the P5 goals We see that the existing 700kW capability, even when paired with the full detector mass leads to an unrealistic time line for achieving the physics goals Given the size and complexity – it is difficult to imagine more mass (at least at this time) 40kT with 1.2 MW is a 20 year program

Increase the intensity! –physics limits: as go up in intensity, performance changes space charge: like charges repel -> beam gets bigger! –equipment limits: aperture and power –operational limits beam losses -> activation ALARA: maintenance and repair –~50% increase but keep total loss the same! Shorten the cycle! –power and cooling magnets and accelerating RF cavities –~11% increase –$15-20M to build new ponds How to get to 1.2 MW? 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?9

Proposed Approach: Proton Improvement Plan II Construct a modern 800-MeV superconducting linac –Increase Booster/Recycler/Main Injector per pulse intensity by ~50%, ameliorating space-charge at Booster injection Accompanied by modifications to Booster/Recycler/Main Injector to accommodate higher intensities and higher Booster injection energy MultiNational Collaboration –US National Labs: FNAL, ANL, LBNL –India National Labs: BARC, RRCAT, IUAC, VECC –European Labs: still under discussion 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?10

Proposed Technical Approach/Site Layout Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?117/23/15

Concept: Mostly superconducting cavities Warm Section at the front, followed by 25 superconducting cryomodules –SRF higher gradients -> shorter linac lower power consumption Building operational prototypes to understand cost & schedules 6/16/2015S. Holmes | Intro to PIP-II m long 5 Cav + 3 Magnets

Schedule Goal: Deliver 1.2 MW beam at start of LBNF/DUNE operations -> 2025 –4-5 year R&D to demonstrate critical technologies, costs, and schedule capabilities of partner institutions –5 year construction project Future PIP-III: reach 2.4 MW –doubling of the beam intensity replace the Booster with ? R&D on performance to understand limitations and mitigate them! 7/23/15Paul Derwent | PIP-II Why a new accelerator?13