AP Chapter 16 Deemer

Religious reformation Catholic Church was benefiting from European prosperity Pope Leo X raised money authorizing the sale of indulgences

What is an indulgence? Martin Luther German Monk Challenged the Pope on: indulgences anything not Christian

Protestant Reformation Salvation can be done on faith alone Base the religion on God/Christian traditions and the Bible

John Calvin Salvation is God’s gift predestined Christian congregations should be self- governing Stress simplicity in life and worship

The Institutes of the Christian Religion text work given in class

The Protestant reformation Germans who dis-liked Italian- dominated Catholic Church Peasants and urban workers

Catholic Reformation Council of Trent Society of Jesus –Jesuits

Wars of religion Led by the Protestant Reformation

Traditional thinking Folk traditions Judeo-Christian beliefs Natural events caused by supernatural causes

Witch hunts! Late 16 and early 17 th century 100,000 people tried for witch craft ¾ women ½ executed

Witch trials Why? Manifestations of fear Of unattached women Social Stress Poor people wanted the “fame”/attention and wanted public attention

Scientific revolution European intellectuals derived understanding from Greek and Romans Earth = 4 elements Sun, Moon, Stars, and planets rotated around the Earth

New Theory Coppernicus and Galileo Sun-centered universe

Church in disbelief Protestant and Catholic churches denounce this theory But “print” beats religion

Law of Gravity Isaac Newton Physics Law of Gravity The Scientist believed they were not in conflict w/ religion

Early Enlightenment Question Past practices in agriculture Past practices of Gov’t Past practices of religion Society and classes

Enlightenment Opposition of this period –“Dictators” –Clergymen –“Absolutist”

What is Enlightenment? Intellectual movement that will influence social behavior and institutions that will be governed (controlled) by scientific laws

The best weapon for the enlightenment to spread Printing Press

Social life Wealthy urban Bourgeoisie Trade, finance, manufacturing, and grain (new)

Example Amsterdam’s growth Based on trade and finance

Joint – Stock companies Merchants and Government forming a partnership to become more profitable Emergence of stock exchange will occur

Impact of joint - stock Trade and international affairs Anglo-Dutch wars of the 17 th century The Navy battles w/ England 1-1-1

The ownership of land Bourgeois class will gain more land Land is power! Marry into noble families Nobility is power!

Peasants and laborers Europe Serfdom out in the West and in the East African Slaves working in America

The average person Possibility with so much technology, money, trade, and other improvements that “life” declined during these 200 years in western Europe

New World New crops kept people from starving

High consumption of wood Deforestation Cooking, ships, home, industry, heating, Navy, etc Deforestation hurts the Rural poor why?

Urban Poor “Deserving Poor” Permanent residents “unworthy poor” Beggars, migrants, peddlers, criminals

Women A women’s status was through her husband’s work and family People married later because of apprenticeships and dowries

The upper class Married late because of males and education How do late marriages help a society? birth rate low educated society independence from family

The bourgieos class Emphasized schools Choose a profession or trade Guilds will flourish Most cases like we have mentioned before women were excluded

Politics anyone? State Development 1515 to 1519 Charles of Burgundy descendant of Austrian Hapsburgs Inherited the thrones of Castile and Aragon and colonial empires Inherited the Hapsburg possessions Inherited the position of Holy Roman Emperor

He defeated… The Ottomans at Vienna in 1529 But unable to unify all his territories Also,known as Charles I of Spain

Map 1500’s

Lutheran Princes and more Germany rebel against Charles Why? Catholic and spoke Italian Charles will abdicate the throne

Abdicate To relinquish (power or responsibility) formally. To relinquish formally a high office or responsibility. He was losing power or control over parts of his “empire”

Split of Power Spain will go to Philip (his son) Weakened Holy Roman Empire will go to Ferdinand (his brother)

The Son

Political unification England, France, and Spain pursue their own efforts to unify

EnglandFranceSpain Henry VIII Church of Eng. catholic English CalvinistsBourbon kings develop absolute control – The estates General has limited power Oliver Cromwell Puritan republic Louis XIV able to increase taxes and revenue and controlled French nobility Glorious revolution 1688 King James II removed All nobility and courts must attend meetings at Versailles Spain hurts economy by driving out Jewish population, Muslims, and Protestants Paying off creditors for goods and food being processed Bill of Rights signed by William and Mary to limit power Military focus Army New techniques More specilaization Military focus was placed on Army Military focus - Navy Defeat of Spanish Armada In 1588 Spain’s defeat by England France strongest power in Europe Battle of Spanish succession Holland becomes independent and Amsterdam does well as a major focal point of trade / shipping and finance

Check and Balance End Of the period The Powers FranceBritian Austria And Russia

England slowly becoming a Power Collecting taxes directly Created a central bank 1650 used naval power to break down the Dutch

The French Streamlined taxes Protective tariffs to protect businesses Transportation network was improved Could Not Direct taxes Tax the nobles Secure low cost loans

WOW – the Chapter is over!