KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Seeds Subphylum Spermopsida Seeds ‘naked’ Seeds enclosed Class Angiospermidia Class Gymnospermidia Sub Class Magnoliopsida DICOTS Sub Class Liliopsida MONOCOTS

Subphylum Spermopsida (seed bearing plants) True roots (with vascular tissue) Reproduction without water (evolved flower) Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

Class Angiospermidia ‘enclosed seeds’ (flowering plants) Evolved (from a Gingko like tree) approximately 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA. 2. 235,000 to 300,000 species (90% of Kingdom Plantae) 3. Ubiquitous (found everywhere) 4. Not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This greatly increased their chances of survival.

5. Made improvements in reproduction to occupy areas vacated by the ferns. Adapted to more moderate climates. ~        Made improvements to occupy areas vacated by the ferns by adapting to more moderate climates; the main improvements were in the area of reproduction. Flowering plants are not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This increased their chances of survival

PISTIL (female) is made up of: Stigma – sticky and ‘catches’ pollen Style – carries pollen to the ovary Ovary – contains the eggs. Ovule – surrounds the eggs STAMEN (male) is made up of: Anthers – produce pollen Filament – raises anthers in the air

6. Seeds borne within a carpel Protection: a leaf like structure that encloses the seed. 7. Pollen on a simple stamen: Small amount of pollen as compared to conifers. Less energy required. More energy is in the flower to ensure precise cross-pollination.

8. ACCESSORY ORGANS: function in attracting the ‘VECTOR’ (pollinator/ seed distributor) with colour, odor and nectar. Petal: brightly coloured to attract vector Sepal: ‘leaves’; protects flower when it’s closed up Receptacle: releases odour Nectar: found at the base of the ovary

9. Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation 11. More developed vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

10. Specialized pollen: The pollen grain is very specific to the female stigma (lock and key). Prevents inbreeding. The pollen grain also has enzymes to digest into the style and ovary.

Allergenic Pollen (poplar, alder, timothy grass, ragweed, sagebrush, scotchbroom)

11. Double fertilization: a) 1 pollen grain (sperm) fertilizes the egg to form a zygote becomes an embryo b) Another pollen grain fertilizes a polar nuclei endosperm (food for the zygote) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gq8NWh98wQs Double fertilization

FERTILIZATION A specific pollen lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to the ovary. One sperm (gametophyte) will fertilize the egg (gametophyte) to form a zygote. After fertilization, the zygote will grow to form an embryo. A 2nd sperm fertilizes a diploid ENDOSPERM cell and this becomes triploid (3N). It grows rapidly, fills the ovule (which surrounds the embryo) and eventually becomes the SEED.

In most plants the seed develops inside the original ovary of the flower. The seed is covered by the old ovary which grows and becomes the fruit. The fruit attracts animals which will eat it and then distribute the seeds in their feces. ZYGOTE EMBRYO OVULE SEED OVARY FRUIT The number of seeds in a fruit depends on how many flower ovules were fertilized. This depends on how many pollen grains landed on each pistil.

LIFE CYCLE ANIMATION http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html

POLLINATORS                               

SEED DISPERSAL

                                                                                                                                                                       

USES Remove CO2 and add O2 to atmosphere ALL the food we eat (except that which we have already mentioned) including MEAT. The majority of our medicines Some are poisonous (rosary bean and castor bean) Beauty and inspiration the most insidious plant toxins affecting people are lectins, extremely poisonous proteins including ricin from the seeds of castor bean (Ricinus communis) and abrin from the seeds of rosary bean (Abrus precatorius). Of course, their degree of toxicity depends on how they are administered. It has been estimated that gram for gram, ricin is 6,000 times more poisonous than cyanide and 12,000 times more poisonous than rattlesnake venom. A dose of ricin weighing only two millionths of an ounce (roughly equivalent to the weight of a single grain of table salt from a salt shaker) is enough to kill a 160 pound person. Drugs Paper and clothes Building materials (birch, maple, oak)

MONOCOTS Sub-Class Liliopsida Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae, Liliidae (and Zingiberidae) For example: Coconut, Corn, Onion, Sourgrass

Monocots (ie: grass, grains, onions, lilies, tulips…) One seed cotelydon Germinates and puts off 1 leaf Has a parallel vein pattern Mostly annuals (grow 1 year and die) All are Herbaceous (non-woody) Also: Scattered vascular bundles in the stem Fibrous root system

Order Alismatidae Arrowhead

Order Arecidae Palm Trees Philodendron

Order Commelinidae Spiderwort Rush Sedge Grass

Bur-reed Cat tail

Order Zingiberidae Pineapple

Order Liliidae Orchid Iris Lily

Sub-Class Magnoliopsida DICOTS Sub-Class Magnoliopsida Asteridae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Hamamelidae, Magnoliidae, Rosidae For example: Apple, Cinnamon, Daisy, Marijuana, Oak, Spinach.

Dicots (ie: rose, apple trees…) Two seed cotelydons Germinates and puts off 2 leaves Has a netted vein pattern Contains annuals, bi-annuals (2 years), perennials (every year) Herbaceous & woody forms Also: Vascular bundles in a ring in the stem Taproot system

Order Magnoliidae Magnolia Tree Poppy Water lily Buttercup Poppy

Order Hamamelidae Elm Tree Birch Tree Oak Tree

Order Caryophyllidae Cactus Buckwheat Pinks

Order Dilleniidae Pitcher plant Mallow, hibiscus… Sundew, venus fly trap Some herbs

Catkins: Willow, Aspen, & Cottonwood trees Mustard plant Rhododendron Catkins: Willow, Aspen, & Cottonwood trees

Order Rosidae Rose hips Stone crop Geraniums

Mistletoe: a parasite on trees and shrubs Evening Primrose Mistletoe: a parasite on trees and shrubs Legumes Carrots, parsley

Grape Virginia Creeper Poison Ivy Maple trees

Order Asteridae Milkweed Snapdragon Nightshade (potatoe)

Daisy Gentian Olive Morning Glory

BOTANICAL RECORD BREAKERS CHECK IT OUT! http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm#seed BOTANICAL RECORD BREAKERS (ie: smallest flowering plant) Wolffia plants also produce the world's smallest flower, a bouquet of one dozen plants will easily fit on the head of a pin and two Wolffia angusta plants in full bloom will fit inside a small printed letter "o" on this page. the undisputed world's smallest flowering plants belong to the genus Wolffia, minute rootless plants that float at the surface of quiet streams and ponds If a water molecule is represented by 100, then a wolffia plant is about 1020 power larger than the water molecule. The earth is about 1020 power larger than a wolffia plant, or 1040 power larger than the water molecule.

Table Of Contents:  1.   The World's Oldest Living Thing  2.   The World's Oldest Living Fossil  3.   The World's Most Massive Living Thing  4.   The World's Tallest Tree  5.   The World's Hardest & Heaviest Wood  6.   The World's Smallest Flowering Plant  7.   The World's Smallest And Largest Fruit  8.   The World's Largest Vegetable  9.   The World's Smallest And Largest Seed 10.  Longest Distance Traveled By Drift Seed 11.  World's Fastest Reproducing Plants 12.  The World's Fastest Growing Plants 13.  The World's Deadliest Plants 14.  Most Painful Botanical Encounters 15.  World's Most Valuable Plant Jewels 16.  Go To Diversity Of Flowering Plants